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      Caracterización de la infección nosocomial en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Cienfuegos 2005-2009 Translated title: Characterization of Nosocomial Infection in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Cienfuegos 2005-2009

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          Abstract

          Fundamento: Las salas de cuidados intensivos de los hospitales pediátricos constituyen, un escenario donde los niños pueden contraer enfermedades nosocomiales con frecuencia. Objetivo: caracterizar las infecciones nosocomiales en pacientes atendidos en cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de series de casos, en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Pediátrico de Cienfuegos, en el período comprendido de 2005 a 2009. Fueron analizados los 70 pacientes que presentaron sepsis nosocomial y que ingresaron directamente al servicio. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, instrumentación recibida durante la hospitalización, tipo de sepsis según localización, gérmenes aislados, realización de estudio microbiológico y condición al egreso. Resultados: las infecciones nosocomiales mostraron una tasa de 3,2 niños por cada 100 egresados. El grupo de edad más afectado fue el de menores de 1 año (41,4 %). La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica fue la infección más frecuente (29,4 %). En todos los casos se usó abordaje venoso. El 84,2 % de los casos recibió apoyo microbiológico, de las cuales el 85,3 % tuvo un resultado positivo. La Pseudomona aeruginosa fue el germen aislado con más frecuencia y al que se asoció también mayor mortalidad. Conclusión: la sepsis nosocomial en este servicio fue más frecuente en los niños menores de un año, y como consecuencia de la ventilación mecánica en la mayoría de los casos. Un factor importante para la predisposición de estos pacientes, lo constituyó la desnutrición y padecer de alguna enfermedad crónica.

          Translated abstract

          Background: children can frequently develop nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units. Objective: to characterize nosocomial infections in pediatric patients treated in intensive care units. Methods: a retrospective case series study was conducted in the Intensive Care Unit at Pediatric Hospital of Cienfuegos, between 2005 and 2009. The sample consisted of 70 patients who developed nosocomial sepsis and were admitted directly to the service. The variables studied were age, procedures performed during hospitalization, type of sepsis by site, isolated germs, microbiological support (microbiology tests) and condition at discharge (recovered or deceased). Results: nosocomial infections showed a rate of 3.2 per 100 patients discharged. Children under 1 year (41.4 %) were the most frequently affected. Pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation was the most common infection (29.4%). Venous catheterization was used in all cases. Microbiology tests were performed in 84.2 % of cases, 85.3% of them had a positive result. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated bacteria and was also associated with highest mortality. Conclusion: nosocomial sepsis in this service was more frequent in children under one year, as a result of mechanical ventilation. Malnutrition and chronic illness were an important predisposing factor in these patients.

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          Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

          Health-care-associated infection is the most frequent result of unsafe patient care worldwide, but few data are available from the developing world. We aimed to assess the epidemiology of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries. We searched electronic databases and reference lists of relevant papers for articles published 1995-2008. Studies containing full or partial data from developing countries related to infection prevalence or incidence-including overall health-care-associated infection and major infection sites, and their microbiological cause-were selected. We classified studies as low-quality or high-quality according to predefined criteria. Data were pooled for analysis. Of 271 selected articles, 220 were included in the final analysis. Limited data were retrieved from some regions and many countries were not represented. 118 (54%) studies were low quality. In general, infection frequencies reported in high-quality studies were greater than those from low-quality studies. Prevalence of health-care-associated infection (pooled prevalence in high-quality studies, 15·5 per 100 patients [95% CI 12·6-18·9]) was much higher than proportions reported from Europe and the USA. Pooled overall health-care-associated infection density in adult intensive-care units was 47·9 per 1000 patient-days (95% CI 36·7-59·1), at least three times as high as densities reported from the USA. Surgical-site infection was the leading infection in hospitals (pooled cumulative incidence 5·6 per 100 surgical procedures), strikingly higher than proportions recorded in developed countries. Gram-negative bacilli represented the most common nosocomial isolates. Apart from meticillin resistance, noted in 158 of 290 (54%) Staphylococcus aureus isolates (in eight studies), very few articles reported antimicrobial resistance. The burden of health-care-associated infection in developing countries is high. Our findings indicate a need to improve surveillance and infection-control practices. World Health Organization. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Anuario Estadístico de Salud

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              Incidence and clinical implication of nosocomial infections associated with implantable biomaterials – catheters, ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infections

              Health care associated infections, the fourth leading cause of disease in industrialised countries, are a major health issue. One part of this condition is based on the increasing insertion and implantation of prosthetic medical devices, since presence of a foreign body significantly reduces the number of bacteria required to produce infection. The most significant hospital-acquired infections, based on frequency and potential severity, are those related to procedures e.g. surgical site infections and medical devices, including urinary tract infection in catheterized patients, pneumonia in patients intubated on a ventilator and bacteraemia related to intravascular catheter use. At least half of all cases of nosocomial infections are associated with medical devices. Modern medical and surgical practices have increasingly utilized implantable medical devices of various kinds. Such devices may be utilized only short-time or intermittently, for months, years or permanently. They improve the therapeutic outcome, save human lives and greatly enhance the quality of life of these patients. However, plastic devices are easily colonized with bacteria and fungi, able to be colonized by microorganisms at a rate of up to 0.5 cm per hour. A thick biofilm is formed within 24 hours on the entire surface of these plastic devices once inoculated even with a small initial number of bacteria. The aim of the present work is to review the current literature on causes, frequency and preventive measures against infections associated with intravascular devices, catheter-related urinary tract infection, ventilator-associated infection, and infections of other implantable medical devices. Raising awareness for infection associated with implanted medical devices, teaching and training skills of staff, and establishment of surveillance systems monitoring device-related infection seem to be the principal strategies used to achieve reduction and prevention of such infections. The intelligent use of suitable antiseptics in combination with medical devices may further support reduction and prevention of such infections. In addition to reducing the adverse clinical outcomes related with these infections, such reduction may substantially decrease the economic burden caused by device-related infection for health care systems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ms
                MediSur
                Medisur
                Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos, Centro Provincial de Ciencias Médicas, Provincia de Cienfuegos. (Cienfuegos, , Cuba )
                1727-897X
                June 2014
                : 12
                : 3
                : 462-469
                Affiliations
                [03] Cienfuegos Cienfuegos orgnameHospital Universitario Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Cuba
                [02] Cienfuegos Cienfuegos orgnamePoliclínico Área II Cuba
                [05] Cienfuegos Cienfuegos orgnameHospital Pediátrico Paquito González Cueto Cuba
                [01] Cienfuegos Cienfuegos orgnameCentro Municipal de Higiene y Epidemiología Cuba
                [04] Cienfuegos Cienfuegos orgnameUniversidad de Ciencias Médicas Cuba
                Article
                S1727-897X2014000300002 S1727-897X(14)01200302
                88cb3f74-51b4-425e-accc-d10055acad72

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 February 2014
                : 14 May 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                cuidados intensivos,infección hospitalaria,pediatrics,intensive care units,intensive care,cross infection,unidades de cuidado intensivo pediátrico

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