[1
]Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern
Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
[2
]Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
[3
]Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
MN, USA.
[4
]Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
[5
]Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis,
Davis, CA, USA.
[6
]Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
MA, USA.
[7
]Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, USA.
[8
]Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
[9
]Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
[10
]State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
[11
]Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics
and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & John Innes Centre, Beijing,
China.
[12
]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
[13
]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco,
San Francisco, CA, USA.
[14
]Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
PA, USA.
[15
]Hepatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
[16
]Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, WA, USA.
[17
]Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
NC, USA.
[18
]Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
[19
]Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
[20
]Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
[21
]Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA.
[22
]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada.
[23
]Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna,
British Columbia, Canada.
[24
]A. Watson Armour III Center for Animal Health and Welfare, Aquarium Microbiome Project,
John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA.
[25
]Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
[26
]Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Okanagan, British
Columbia, Canada.
[27
]Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,
Aurora, CO, USA.
[28
]Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine,
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
[29
]eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
[30
]Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, University of
British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
[31
]Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia,
Canada.
[32
]Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
[33
]Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
[34
]Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
MN, USA.
[35
]Statistics Department, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
[36
]Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA.
[37
]Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,
USA.
[38
]Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
[39
]Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian
Capital Territory, Australia.
[40
]Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine
University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany.
[41
]Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA.
[42
]School of Science, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory,
Australia.
[43
]College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
[44
]Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
[45
]Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
[46
]Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,
CA, USA.
[47
]Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,
USA.
[48
]Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
[49
]Science Education, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
[50
]Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology,
Tübingen, Germany.
[51
]Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
[52
]Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA.
[53
]Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
[54
]Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
[55
]Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Unit 2 (Biology), University of British
Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
[56
]Google LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA.
[57
]Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,
USA.
[58
]School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
[59
]School of STEM, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA, USA.
[60
]Department of Biological Sciences, Webster University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
[61
]Agricultural Research Service, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, United States
Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, USA.
[62
]College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas
for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
[63
]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden,
CO, USA.
[64
]Department of Biological Sciences and Northern Gulf Institute, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.
[65
]Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, USA.
[66
]Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
[67
]Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA.
[68
]Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA,
USA.
[69
]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco,
San Francisco, CA, USA.
[70
]Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced,
Merced, CA, USA.
[71
]Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
[72
]Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
[73
]National Laboratory Service, Environment Agency, Starcross, UK.
[74
]College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,
USA.
[75
]Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
[76
]Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
[77
]School of STEM, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Washington Bothell,
Bothell, WA, USA.
[78
]Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
[79
]Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA.
[80
]These authors contributed equally: Evan Bolyen, Jai Ram Rideout, Matthew R. Dillon,
Nicholas A. Bokulich.