The psychological impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures in the world.

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Abstract

In a short time, the COVID-19 pandemic turned into a global emergency. The fear of becoming infected and the lockdown measures have drastically changed people's daily routine. The aim of this study is to establish the psychological impact that the COVID-19 pandemic is entailing, particularly with regards to levels of stress, anxiety and depression, and to the risks of developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

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Most cited references 96

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Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)

Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.

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The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

K Kroenke, R L Spitzer, J. Williams (2001)

While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.

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The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

Samantha K. Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E. Smith … (2022)

Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Affect Disord

Title: Journal of affective disorders

Publisher: Elsevier BV

ISSN (Electronic): 1573-2517

ISSN (Print): 0165-0327

Publication date (Electronic): March 15 2021

Volume: 283

Affiliations

[1 ] Italian Society of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT-Italy), Florence, Italy; Centro Armonico Terapeutico (CAT), Campogalliano, Italy. Electronic address: m.passavanti@campus.unimib.it.

[2 ] Agrarian University of Ecuador, Department of Agricultural Economic, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

[3 ] Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Trøndelag, Norway. Electronic address: diego.barbieri@ntnu.no.

[4 ] Chang'an University, School of Highway, Shaanxi, China.

[5 ] University of Technology Sydney, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New South Wales, Australia.

[6 ] Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Trøndelag, Norway.

[7 ] State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei, China.

[8 ] Bam University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kerman, Iran.

[9 ] University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Illinois, United States.

[10 ] Norwegian National Railway Administration, Bane NOR, Vestfold and Telemark, Norway.

[11 ] University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, DIEF, Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", Modena, Italy.

[12 ] Northern Arizona University, Department of Civil Engineering, Construction Management, and Environmental Engineering, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States.

Article

Publisher Item ID: S0165-0327(21)00033-1

DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.020

PMC ID: 7833558

PubMed ID: 33516085

SO-VID: 73564ba7-82d3-48f0-8ed5-720ccc37c91b

History

Keywords: Clinical psychology,Stress,Psychological Impact,PTSD,Mental health,Depression,COVID-19,Anxiety

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Keywords: Clinical psychology, Stress, Psychological Impact, PTSD, Mental health, Depression, COVID-19, Anxiety

The psychological impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures in the world.

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 96

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

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