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      Prevalence of bullying and victimization among children in early elementary school: do family and school neighbourhood socioeconomic status matter?

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          Abstract

          Bullying and victimization are widespread phenomena in childhood and can have a serious impact on well-being. Children from families with a low socioeconomic background have an increased risk of this behaviour, but it is unknown whether socioeconomic status (SES) of school neighbourhoods is also related to bullying behaviour. Furthermore, as previous bullying research mainly focused on older children and adolescents, it remains unclear to what extent bullying and victimization affects the lives of younger children. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence and socioeconomic disparities in bullying behaviour among young elementary school children.

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          Missing data: our view of the state of the art.

          Statistical procedures for missing data have vastly improved, yet misconception and unsound practice still abound. The authors frame the missing-data problem, review methods, offer advice, and raise issues that remain unresolved. They clear up common misunderstandings regarding the missing at random (MAR) concept. They summarize the evidence against older procedures and, with few exceptions, discourage their use. They present, in both technical and practical language, 2 general approaches that come highly recommended: maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian multiple imputation (MI). Newer developments are discussed, including some for dealing with missing data that are not MAR. Although not yet in the mainstream, these procedures may eventually extend the ML and MI methods that currently represent the state of the art.
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            Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review

            K Pickett (2001)
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              Maternal education and child health: is there a strong causal relationship?

              S Desai, S Alva (1998)
              Using data from the first round of Demographic and Health Surveys for 22 developing countries, we examine the effect of maternal education on three markers of child health: infant mortality, children's height-for-age, and immunization status. In contrast to other studies, we argue that although there is a strong correlation between maternal education and markers of child health, a causal relationship is far from established. Education acts as a proxy for the socioeconomic status of the family and geographic area of residence. Introducing controls for husband's education and access to piped water and toilet attenuate the impact of maternal education on infant mortality and children's height-for-age. This effect is further reduced by controlling for area of residence through the use of fixed-effects models. In the final model, maternal education has a statistically significant impact on infant mortality and height-for-age in only a handful of countries. In contrast, maternal education remains statistically significant for children's immunization status in about one-half of the countries even after individual-level and community-level controls are introduced.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC public health
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                1471-2458
                1471-2458
                Jul 02 2012
                : 12
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, PO-BOX 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, the Netherlands. p.w.jansen@erasmusmc.nl
                Article
                1471-2458-12-494
                10.1186/1471-2458-12-494
                3575320
                22747880
                2b104e5b-6e6d-4bef-ae93-1fb6b7211371
                History

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