First population-level effectiveness evaluation of a national programme to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child, South Africa.

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

There is a paucity of data on the national population-level effectiveness of preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programmes in high-HIV-prevalence, resource-limited settings. We assessed national PMTCT impact in South Africa (SA), 2010.

Related collections

Most cited references 15

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Universal HIV testing of infants at immunization clinics: an acceptable and feasible approach for early infant diagnosis in high HIV prevalence settings.

S Mzolo, Heidi Van Rooyen, Tonya M Esterhuizen … (2009)

To determine the acceptability and feasibility of universal HIV testing of 6-week-old infants attending immunization clinics to achieve early diagnosis of HIV and referral for HIV treatment and care services. An observational cohort with intervention. Routine HIV testing of infants was offered to all mothers bringing infants for immunizations at three clinics in KwaZulu Natal. Blood samples were collected by heel prick onto filter paper. Dried blood spots were tested for HIV antibodies and, if present, were tested for HIV DNA by PCR. Exit interviews were requested of all mothers irrespective of whether they had agreed to infant testing or not. Of 646 mothers bringing infants for immunizations, 584 (90.4%) agreed to HIV testing of their infant and 332 (56.8%) subsequently returned for results. Three hundred and thirty-two of 646 (51.4%) mothers and infants thereby had their HIV status confirmed or reaffirmed by the time the infant was 3 months of age. Overall, 247 of 584 (42.3%) infant dried blood spot samples had HIV antibodies indicating maternal HIV status. Of these, 54 (21.9%) samples were positive for HIV DNA by PCR. This equates to 9.2% (54/584) of all infants tested. The majority of mothers interviewed said they were comfortable with testing of their infant at immunization clinics and would recommend it to others. Screening of all infants at immunization clinics is acceptable and feasible as a means for early identification of HIV-infected infants and referral for antiretroviral therapy. 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

0 comments Cited 51 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: found

Is Open Access

Vaccination coverage and timeliness in three South African areas: a prospective study

Lars Fadnes, Debra Jackson, Ingunn MS Engebretsen … (2011)

Background Timely vaccination is important to induce adequate protective immunity. We measured vaccination timeliness and vaccination coverage in three geographical areas in South Africa. Methods This study used vaccination information from a community-based cluster-randomized trial promoting exclusive breastfeeding in three South African sites (Paarl in the Western Cape Province, and Umlazi and Rietvlei in KwaZulu-Natal) between 2006 and 2008. Five interview visits were carried out between birth and up to 2 years of age (median follow-up time 18 months), and 1137 children were included in the analysis. We used Kaplan-Meier time-to-event analysis to describe vaccination coverage and timeliness in line with the Expanded Program on Immunization for the first eight vaccines. This included Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), four oral polio vaccines and 3 doses of the pentavalent vaccine which protects against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B. Results The proportion receiving all these eight recommended vaccines were 94% in Paarl (95% confidence interval [CI] 91-96), 62% in Rietvlei (95%CI 54-68) and 88% in Umlazi (95%CI 84-91). Slightly fewer children received all vaccines within the recommended time periods. The situation was worst for the last pentavalent- and oral polio vaccines. The hazard ratio for incomplete vaccination was 7.2 (95%CI 4.7-11) for Rietvlei compared to Paarl. Conclusions There were large differences between the different South African sites in terms of vaccination coverage and timeliness, with the poorer areas of Rietvlei performing worse than the better-off areas in Paarl. The vaccination coverage was lower for the vaccines given at an older age. There is a need for continued efforts to improve vaccination coverage and timeliness, in particular in rural areas. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00397150

0 comments Cited 49 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Directed acyclic graphs, sufficient causes, and the properties of conditioning on a common effect.

Paul M Robins, Tyler J. VanderWeele (2007)

In this paper, the authors incorporate sufficient-component causes into the directed acyclic graph (DAG) causal framework in order to make apparent several properties of conditioning on a common effect. By incorporating sufficient causes on a graph, it is possible to detect conditional independencies within strata of the conditioning variable which are not evident on DAGs without the representation of sufficient causes. It is also possible to determine the sign of the conditional covariance of two causes when conditioning on their common effect if some knowledge of the sufficient-cause mechanisms for the common effect is available. The incorporation of sufficient causes within the DAG framework also allows for the representation of interactions on DAGs and for the unification of several different causal frameworks. For illustration, the results are applied to an example concerning the familial coaggregation of two disorders.

0 comments Cited 47 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Epidemiol Community Health

Title: Journal of epidemiology and community health

Publisher: BMJ

ISSN (Electronic): 1470-2738

ISSN (Print): 0143-005X

Publication date (Electronic): Mar 2015

Volume: 69

Issue: 3

Affiliations

[1 ] Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kalafong Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa.

[2 ] Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

[3 ] School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa UNICEF New York, New York, USA.

[4 ] Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa.

[5 ] Division of HIV/AID Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

[6 ] Division of National Health Laboratory Services, National institute of Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa.

[7 ] Division of National Health Laboratory Services, National institute of Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.

[8 ] Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.

[9 ] Affiliated with UNICEF South Africa at the time of the study. Currently affiliated to Elma Philanthropies, New York USA, Pretoria, South Africa.

[10 ] Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa.

[11 ] UNICEF New York, New York, USA.

[12 ] World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

[13 ] National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa.

Article

Publisher Item ID: jech-2014-204535

DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204535

PMC ID: 4345523

PubMed ID: 25371480

SO-VID: f9358e8e-77f9-4f5c-9eef-bc1894b4b3e5

History

Keywords: SURVEILLANCE,CHILD HEALTH,PUBLIC HEALTH,HIV,PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

Data availability:

Keywords: SURVEILLANCE, CHILD HEALTH, PUBLIC HEALTH, HIV, PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

First population-level effectiveness evaluation of a national programme to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child, South Africa.

Read this article at

Abstract

Related collections

Annual Reviews HIV/AIDS: Public Health and Society

Most cited references 15

Universal HIV testing of infants at immunization clinics: an acceptable and feasible approach for early infant diagnosis in high HIV prevalence settings.

Vaccination coverage and timeliness in three South African areas: a prospective study

Directed acyclic graphs, sufficient causes, and the properties of conditioning on a common effect.

Author and article information

Journal

Affiliations

Article

History

Comments

Comment on this article

Similar content 110

Cited by 47

Most referenced authors 350