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      Métodos de medición de las desigualdades de salud Translated title: Methods for measuring inequalities in health Translated title: Métodos de mensuração das desigualdades em saúde

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La medición de las desigualdades en el campo de la salud es una condición indispensable para avanzar en la mejoría de la situación de salud de la Región, donde el análisis de los valores medios ha dejado de ser suficiente. Este tipo de análisis es una herramienta fundamental para la acción en busca de una mayor equidad en salud. Existen diferentes métodos de medición y niveles de complejidad cuya elección depende del objetivo del estudio. Este artículo tiene como objetivo familiarizar a los profesionales de la salud y a las instancias decisorias con los aspectos metodológicos de la medición y el análisis simple de las desigualdades en el campo de la salud, utilizando datos básicos registrados con regularidad y agregados por unidades geopolíticas. Se presenta la forma de calcular los siguientes indicadores y se comentan sus ventajas y desventajas: la razón y la diferencia de tasas, el índice de efecto, el riesgo atribuible poblacional, el índice de disimilitud, el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente y el índice relativo de desigualdad, el coeficiente de Gini y el índice de concentración. Los métodos presentados son aplicables a la medición de las desigualdades de diferentes tipos y a distintos niveles de análisis.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Measuring health inequalities is indispensable for progress in improving the health situation in the Region of the Americas, where the analysis of average values is no longer sufficient. Analyzing health inequalities is a fundamental tool for action that seeks greater equity in health. There are various measurement methods, with differing levels of complexity, and choosing one rather than another depends on the objective of the study. The purpose of this article is to familiarize health professionals and decision-making institutions with methodological aspects of the measurement and simple analysis of health inequalities, utilizing basic data that are regularly reported by geopolitical unit. The calculation method and the advantages and disadvantages of the following indicators are presented: the rate ratio and the rate difference, the effect index, the population attributable risk, the index of dissimilarity, the slope index of inequality and the relative index of inequality, the Gini coefficient, and the concentration index. The methods presented are applicable to measuring various types of inequalities and at different levels of analysis.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A mensuração das desigualdades em saúde é uma condição indispensável para se avançar na melhoria da situação de saúde da Região, onde a análise de valores médios deixou de ser suficiente. Este tipo de análise é uma ferramenta fundamental para ações que buscam maior eqüidade em saúde. Existem diferentes métodos de mensuração e níveis de complexidade, cuja escolha depende do objetivo do estudo. Este artigo tem como objetivo familiarizar os profissionais de saúde e os tomadores de decisão com os aspectos metodológicos da mensuração e da análise simples das desigualdades em saúde, utilizando-se dados básicos coletados rotineiramente e agregados por unidades geopolíticas. São apresentadas as formas de calcular os seguintes indicadores e são discutidas suas vantagens e desvantagens: Razão e Diferença de Taxas, Índice de Efeito, Risco Atribuível Populacional, Índice de Dissimilaridade, Índice Angular de Desigualdade e Índice Relativo de Desigualdade, Coeficiente de Gini e Índice de concentração. Os métodos apresentados são aplicáveis na mensuração de desigualdades em diferentes tipos e níveis de análise.

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          Most cited references23

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          The concepts and principles of equity and health.

          In 1984, the 32 member states of the World Health Organization European Region took a remarkable step forward in agreeing unanimously on 38 targets for a common health policy for the Region. Not only was equity the subject of the first of these targets, but it was also seen as a fundamental theme running right through the policy as a whole. However, equity can mean different things to different people. This article looks at the concepts and principles of equity as understood in the context of the World Health Organization's Health for All policy. After considering the possible causes of the differences in health observed in populations--some of them inevitable and some unnecessary and unfair--the author discusses equity in relation to health care, concentrating on issues of access to care, utilization, and quality. Lastly, seven principles for action are outlined, stemming from these concepts, to be borne in mind when designing or implementing policies, so that greater equity in health and health care can be promoted.
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            A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality

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              Ecological bias, confounding, and effect modification.

              Ecological bias is sometimes attributed to confounding by the group variable (ie the variable used to define the ecological groups), or to risk factors associated with the group variable. We show that the group variable need not be a confounder (in the strict epidemiological sense) for ecological bias to occur: effect modification can lead to profound ecological bias, whether or not the group variable or the effect modifier are independent risk factors. Furthermore, an extraneous risk factor need not be associated with the study variable at the individual level in order to produce ecological bias. Thus the conditions for the production of ecological bias by a covariate are much broader than the conditions for the production of individual-level confounding by a covariate. We also show that standardization or ecological control of variables responsible for ecological bias are generally insufficient to remove such bias.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington )
                1020-4989
                December 2002
                : 12
                : 6
                : 398-414
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Organización Mundial de la Salud Uruguay
                Article
                S1020-49892002001200006
                b3f0fbd8-5789-4055-a476-ff6e0c1b20e4

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1020-4989&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Métodos,desigualdades em saúde,indicadores,desigualdades de salud
                Public health
                Métodos, desigualdades em saúde, indicadores, desigualdades de salud

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