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      Senescence and aging: Causes, consequences, and therapeutic avenues

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 ,
      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: The Journal of Cell Biology
      Publisher: The Rockefeller University Press

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          Abstract

          McHugh and Gil review the role of senescence in age-related diseases and how targeting senescence may improve health span and extend life span.

          Abstract

          Aging is the major risk factor for cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although we are far from understanding the biological basis of aging, research suggests that targeting the aging process itself could ameliorate many age-related pathologies. Senescence is a cellular response characterized by a stable growth arrest and other phenotypic alterations that include a proinflammatory secretome. Senescence plays roles in normal development, maintains tissue homeostasis, and limits tumor progression. However, senescence has also been implicated as a major cause of age-related disease. In this regard, recent experimental evidence has shown that the genetic or pharmacological ablation of senescent cells extends life span and improves health span. Here, we review the cellular and molecular links between cellular senescence and aging and discuss the novel therapeutic avenues that this connection opens.

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          Senescence and tumour clearance is triggered by p53 restoration in murine liver carcinomas.

          Wen Xue, Lars Zender, Cornelius Miething … (2007)
          Although cancer arises from a combination of mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, the extent to which tumour suppressor gene loss is required for maintaining established tumours is poorly understood. p53 is an important tumour suppressor that acts to restrict proliferation in response to DNA damage or deregulation of mitogenic oncogenes, by leading to the induction of various cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis or cellular senescence. Consequently, p53 mutations increase cell proliferation and survival, and in some settings promote genomic instability and resistance to certain chemotherapies. To determine the consequences of reactivating the p53 pathway in tumours, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to conditionally regulate endogenous p53 expression in a mosaic mouse model of liver carcinoma. We show that even brief reactivation of endogenous p53 in p53-deficient tumours can produce complete tumour regressions. The primary response to p53 was not apoptosis, but instead involved the induction of a cellular senescence program that was associated with differentiation and the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. This program, although producing only cell cycle arrest in vitro, also triggered an innate immune response that targeted the tumour cells in vivo, thereby contributing to tumour clearance. Our study indicates that p53 loss can be required for the maintenance of aggressive carcinomas, and illustrates how the cellular senescence program can act together with the innate immune system to potently limit tumour growth.
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            Persistent DNA damage signaling triggers senescence-associated inflammatory cytokine secretion

            Francis Rodier, Jean-Philippe Coppe, Christopher K Patil … (2009)
            Cellular senescence suppresses cancer by stably arresting the proliferation of damaged cells1. Paradoxically, senescent cells also secrete factors that alter tissue microenvironments2. The pathways regulating this secretion are unknown. We show that damaged human cells develop persistent chromatin lesions bearing hallmarks of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which initiate increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Cytokine secretion occurred only after establishment of persistent DNA damage signaling, usually associated with senescence, not after transient DNA damage responses (DDR). Initiation and maintenance of this cytokine response required the DDR proteins ATM, NBS1 and CHK2, but not the cell cycle arrest enforcers p53 and pRb. ATM was also essential for IL-6 secretion during oncogene-induced senescence and by damaged cells that bypass senescence. Further, DDR activity and IL-6 were elevated in human cancers, and ATM-depletion suppressed the ability of senescent cells to stimulate IL-6-dependent cancer cell invasiveness. Thus, in addition to orchestrating cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair, a novel and important role of the DDR is to allow damaged cells to communicate their compromised state to the surrounding tissue.
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              Chemokine signaling via the CXCR2 receptor reinforces senescence.

              Juan C. Acosta, Ana O'Loghlen, Ana Banito … (2008)
              Cells enter senescence, a state of stable proliferative arrest, in response to a variety of cellular stresses, including telomere erosion, DNA damage, and oncogenic signaling, which acts as a barrier against malignant transformation in vivo. To identify genes controlling senescence, we conducted an unbiased screen for small hairpin RNAs that extend the life span of primary human fibroblasts. Here, we report that knocking down the chemokine receptor CXCR2 (IL8RB) alleviates both replicative and oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and diminishes the DNA-damage response. Conversely, ectopic expression of CXCR2 results in premature senescence via a p53-dependent mechanism. Cells undergoing OIS secrete multiple CXCR2-binding chemokines in a program that is regulated by the NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta transcription factors and coordinately induce CXCR2 expression. CXCR2 upregulation is also observed in preneoplastic lesions in vivo. These results suggest that senescent cells activate a self-amplifying secretory network in which CXCR2-binding chemokines reinforce growth arrest.
              Article 0 comments Cited 637 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Cell Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Cell Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jcb
                Journal ID (hwp): jcb
                Title: The Journal of Cell Biology
                Publisher: The Rockefeller University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0021-9525
                ISSN (Electronic): 1540-8140
                Publication date (Print): 2 January 2018
                Volume: 217
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 65-77
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, England, UK
                [2 ]Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, UK
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Jesús Gil: jesus.gil@ 123456imperial.ac.uk
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-6260
                Article
                Publisher ID: 201708092
                DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708092
                PMC ID: 5748990
                PubMed ID: 29114066
                SO-VID: ccbba430-7284-4d36-9f7c-cb17c763dc48
                Copyright © © 2018 McHugh and Gil
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.rupress.org/terms/). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 4.0 International license, as described at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 August 2017
                Date revision received : 09 October 2017
                Date accepted : 17 October 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Medical Research Council, DOI https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000265;
                Award ID: MC-A652-5PZ00
                Award ID: MC_U120085810
                Funded by: Unity Biotechnology
                Categories
                Subject: Reviews
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology

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