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      Luxação simples do cotovelo associada a lesão ligamentar interna e externa

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          Abstract

          A luxação do cotovelo representa a segunda luxação mais frequente do membro superior. Classificada como luxação simples ou complexa de acordo com a ausência ou presença de fratura associada, respetivamente. Esta lesão é maioritariamente tratada com redução incruenta e mobilização precoce, com bons “outcomes”. Contudo, pode estar associada a algumas complicações, especialmente devido a períodos de imobilização prolongada, como uma limitação do arco de mobilidade, alterações degenerativas, calcificações heterotópicas ou mesmo défices neurológicos. Este caso clínico relata um caso de luxação simples do cotovelo, com necessidade de cirurgia dada a instabilidade persistente após redução. Foi efetuada a reparação do complexo ligamentar interno e externo, com um bom resultado funcional e radiológico no follow up final. Apesar da necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica no contexto de uma luxação simples do cotovelo ser rara, a presença de instabilidade persistente com necessidade de períodos de imobilização prolongada, é considerada uma indicação cirúrgica. A cirurgia permite assim, obter ótimos resultados clínicos evitando complicações de uma imobilização prolongada.

          Translated abstract

          Dislocation of the elbow is the second most frequent dislocation of the upper limb. Classified as simple or complex dislocation according to the presence or absence of associated frature, respectively. This injury is most often treated with closed reduction and early mobilization with good "outcomes". However, it may be associated with complications, especially due to long immobilization periods, such as decreased range of motion, degenerative changes in the elbow joint, ectopic calcification or neurological deficits. This clinical case reports a case of simple dislocation of the elbow, requiring surgery due to persistent instability after reduction. It was made a repair of the internal and external ligamentous complex, with a favorable longterm functional outcomes. The need for surgical intervention in the context of a simple elbow dislocation is rare, although the presence of persistent instability requiring long periods of immobilization, is considered a surgical indication. The surgery can achieve excelent outcomes avoiding complications by a long period of immobilisation.

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          Incidence of elbow dislocations in the United States population.

          There is minimal published information regarding the epidemiology of simple elbow dislocations. The purpose of this study was to report the estimated incidence of elbow dislocations in the United States, with use of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database. The NEISS database includes 102 hospitals representing a random sampling of all patients presenting to U.S. emergency departments. The database was queried for elbow dislocation events. NEISS data for 2002 through 2006 were used for raw data and weighted injury counts. Incidence rates with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by age group and sex, with use of U.S. census data. One thousand and sixty-six elbow dislocations were identified, representing a weighted estimate of 36,751 acute dislocations nationwide. A calculated incidence of 5.21 dislocations per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 4.74 to 5.68) was noted. The highest incidence of elbow dislocations (43.5%) occurred in those who were ten to nineteen years old (6.87 per 100,000 person-years; 95% CI, 5.97 to 7.76). The incidence rate ratio for the comparison of dislocations in males with those in females was 1.02 (5.26 per 100,000 for males and 5.16 per 100,000 for females). In patients ten years or older, 474 injuries (44.5% of total dislocations) were sustained in sports. Males dislocated elbows in football, wrestling, and basketball. Females sustained elbow dislocations most frequently in gymnastics and skating activities. The estimated incidence of elbow dislocations in the U.S. population is 5.21 per 100,000 person-years, with use of a national database. Adolescent males are at highest risk for dislocation. Nearly half of acute elbow dislocations occurred in sports, with males at highest risk with football, and females at risk with gymnastics and skating activities.
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            Patient-reported outcomes after simple dislocation of the elbow.

            The current study was designed to investigate the epidemiology and long-term clinical and patient-reported outcomes following simple dislocation of the elbow in adults.
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              Posterolateral dislocation of the elbow joint. Relationship to medial instability.

              Dislocation of the elbow joint is the second most common dislocation in the upper extremity, dislocation of the shoulder being the most common. It has been reported that uncomplicated dislocation of the elbow joint may be associated with a decreased range of motion, degenerative changes in the elbow joint, ectopic calcification, or neurological deficits. As the medial collateral ligament complex can be completely disrupted during dislocation, we evaluated the association between the long-term results of treatment of simple posterolateral dislocation of the elbow and the presence of persistent medial or valgus elbow instability. Fifty patients who had a mean age of thirty-three years (range, eighteen to fifty-eight years) had closed reduction of a posterolateral dislocation of the elbow without associated fractures. The extremity was immobilized in an above-the-elbow plaster cast for three weeks. After a mean duration of follow-up of nine years (range, six to thirteen years), forty-one patients were evaluated with an interview, a physical examination, and radiographs made while a valgus load was applied to the elbow. The average score according to the system of The Hospital for Special Surgery was 91 points (range, 49 to 100 points), and thirty-one patients described their elbow function as good or excellent. Twenty-four patients had evidence of medial instability on radiographs made while a valgus load was applied to the elbow. Twenty-one patients had signs of degeneration of the joint, and twenty-five patients had ectopic ossification. Magnetic resonance imaging combined with arthrography was performed for the first twenty patients; eight had evidence of rupture of the medial collateral ligament, seven had generalized degenerative changes of the cartilage, and four had a chondral defect of the capitellum. (The study could not be completed for the remaining patient.) Medial instability on radiographs was correlated with signs of degeneration (p = 0.001), ectopic ossification (p = 0.01), a worse score according to the system of The Hospital for Special Surgery (p = 0.002), and persistent pain (p = 0.04). Posterolateral dislocation of the elbow joint can lead to persistent valgus instability that is associated with a worse overall clinical and radiographic result.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rpot
                Revista Portuguesa de Ortopedia e Traumatologia
                Rev. Port. Ortop. Traum.
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (Lisboa )
                1646-2122
                March 2013
                : 21
                : 1
                : 85-89
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte Portugal
                Article
                S1646-21222013000100012
                fc8a9905-840d-4f43-960b-51cd69fc4b40

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1646-2122&lng=en
                Categories
                ORTHOPEDICS

                Orthopedics
                Dislocation,elbow,treatment,surgery,Luxação,cotovelo,tratamento,cirurgia
                Orthopedics
                Dislocation, elbow, treatment, surgery, Luxação, cotovelo, tratamento, cirurgia

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