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      Implication of inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humour for management of macular diseases

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          Resistance to antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment in age-related macular degeneration

          Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of visual impairment and blindness in people aged over 65 years in developed countries. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a positive regulator of angiogenesis and its proven role in the pathological neovascularization in wet AMD has provided evidence for the use of anti-VEGF agents as potential therapies. In this study, we review the literature for the possible causes of failure after treatment with anti-VEGF agents and attempt to propose an algorithm of suggestive actions to increase the chances of successful management of such difficult cases.
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            Author and article information

            Contributors
            (View ORCID Profile)
            (View ORCID Profile)
            Journal
            Acta Ophthalmologica
            Acta Ophthalmol
            Wiley
            1755-375X
            1755-3768
            May 2020
            September 18 2019
            May 2020
            : 98
            : 3
            Affiliations
            [1 ]Ningbo Eye Hospital Ningbo China
            [2 ]Institute of Ocular Pharmacology School of Ophthalmology and Optometry Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
            [3 ]Jacob's Retina Center at Shiley Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
            Article
            10.1111/aos.14248
            31531945
            f42c54e4-0edf-42ff-ad5f-51bb67a1a2b6
            © 2020

            http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

            http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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