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      Laboratory Diagnostics and Quality of Blood Collection Translated title: Laboratorijska Dijagnostika i Kvalitet Uzimanja Uzoraka Krvi

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          Summary

          Diagnostic blood samples collected by phlebotomy are the most common type of biological specimens drawn and sent to laboratory medicine facilities for being analyzed, thus supporting caring physicians in patient diagnosis, follow-up and/or therapeutic monitoring. Phlebotomy, a relatively invasive medical procedure, is indeed critical for the downstream procedures accomplished either in the analytical phase made in the laboratory or in the interpretive process done by the physicians. Diagnosis, management, treatment of patients and ultimately patient safety itself can be compromised by poor phlebotomy quality. We have read with interest a recent article where the authors addressed important aspects of venous blood collection for laboratory medicine analysis. The authors conducted a phlebotomy survey based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) H03-A6 document (presently replaced by the GP41-A6 document) in three government hospitals in Ethiopia to evaluate 120 professionals (101 non-laboratory professionals vs. 19 laboratory professionals) as regards the venous blood collection practice. The aim of this mini (non-systematic) review is to both take a cue from the above article and from current practices we had already observed in other laboratory settings, and discuss four questionable activities performed by health care professionals during venous blood collection. We refer to: i) diet restriction assessment; ii) puncture site cleansing; iii) timing of tourniquet removal and; iv) mixing specimen with additives.

          Kratak sadržaj

          Uzorci krvi za dijagnostiku uzeti pomoću flebotomije najčešći su od svih bioloških uzoraka koji se uzimaju i šalju u medicinske laboratorije na analizu, čime se pruža podrška nadležnim lekarima u postavljanju dijagnoze, praćenju i/ili terapijskom nadzoru bolesnika. Flebotomija, kao relativno invazivna medicinska procedura, zaista je presudna za postupke koji slede bilo u analitičkoj fazi u laboratoriji ili u procesu interpretacije koji obavljaju lekari. Loš kvalitet flebotomije može kompromitovati postavljanje dijagnoze, upravljanje pacijentom, njegovo lečenje i najzad bezbednost pacijenta. Sa zanimanjem smo nedavno pročitali članak u kom se autori bave važnim aspektima uzimanja uzoraka venske krvi za medicinske laboratorijske analize. Autori su sproveli anketu o flebotomiji zasnovanu na dokumentu H03-A6 (danas ga zamenjuje dokument GP41-A6) Instituta za kliničke i laboratorijske standarde (IKLS) u tri vladine bolnice u Etiopiji da bi ispitali 120 zaposlenih (101 nije bio laboratorijski radnik, dok 19 jesu bili laboratorijski radnici) o praksi uzimanja uzoraka venske krvi. Cilj ovog mini (nesistematičnog) pregleda je osvrt na sugestije iz pomenutog članka kao i na trenutne prakse koje smo već primetili u drugim laboratorijama, i uz to kratka diskusija o četiri problematične aktivnosti koje prilikom uzimanja uzoraka venske krvi obavljaju zdravstveni radnici. Ovo se odnosi na: i) procenu restrikcija u ishrani; ii) čišćenje mesta punkcije; iii) vreme uklanjanja poveske i iv) mešanje uzoraka sa aditivima.

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          Most cited references38

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          Lipemia: causes, interference mechanisms, detection and management

          In the clinical laboratory setting, interferences can be a significant source of laboratory errors with potential to cause serious harm for the patient. After hemolysis, lipemia is the most frequent endogenous interference that can influence results of various laboratory methods by several mechanisms. The most common preanalytical cause of lipemic samples is inadequate time of blood sampling after the meal or parenteral administration of synthetic lipid emulsions. Although the best way of detecting the degree of lipemia is measuring lipemic index on analytical platforms, laboratory experts should be aware of its problems, like false positive results and lack of standardization between manufacturers. Unlike for other interferences, lipemia can be removed and measurement can be done in a clear sample. However, a protocol for removing lipids from the sample has to be chosen carefully, since it is dependent on the analytes that have to be determined. Investigation of lipemia interference is an obligation of manufacturers of laboratory reagents; however, several literature findings report lack of verification of the declared data. Moreover, the acceptance criteria currently used by the most manufacturers are not based on biological variation and need to be revised. Written procedures for detection of lipemia, removing lipemia interference and reporting results from lipemic samples should be available to laboratory staff in order to standardize the procedure, reduce errors and increase patient safety.
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            Protons in ischemia: where do they come from; where do they go to?

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              Nursing blood specimen collection techniques and hemolysis rates in an emergency department: analysis of venipuncture versus intravenous catheter collection techniques.

              Re-collection of hemolyzed blood specimens delays patient care in overcrowded emergency departments. Our emergency department was unable to meet a benchmark of a 2% hemolysis rate for the collection of blood samples. Our hypothesis was that hemolysis rates of blood specimens differ dependent on the blood collection technique by venipuncture or intravenous catheter draw.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Med Biochem
                J Med Biochem
                Journal of Medical Biochemistry
                Society of Medical Biochemists of Serbia
                1452-8258
                1452-8266
                July 2015
                14 July 2015
                : 34
                : 3
                : 288-294
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
                [2 ]Post-Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medical Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
                [3 ]CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília – DF, Brazil
                [4 ]MERCOSUL: Sector Committee of Clinical Analyses and In Vitro Diagnostics – CSM 20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [5 ]Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Academic Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Gabriel Lima-Oliveira, Av. Pref. Lothario Meissner, 632, Jardim Botanico, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, Zip Code 80210-170, e-mail: dr.g.lima.oliveira@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                jomb-2014-0043
                10.2478/jomb-2014-0043
                4922344
                28356839
                f2e5e747-aaa5-4ecc-9d78-6be4cb57df7b
                © by Gabriel Lima-Oliveira

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

                History
                : 13 March 2014
                : 17 April 2014
                Categories
                Review Article

                blood specimen collection,patient safety,phlebotomy,medical errors,specimen handling,tourniquet

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