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      Cranioplasty using Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) self-curing by the conventional casting process: clinical case report Translated title: Cranioplastia com uso do Polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) autopolimerizável pelo processo de moldagem convencional: relato de caso clínico

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Cranioencephalic trauma which results in extensive edema and / or bruising usually requires surgical treatment through a greater withdrawal of the bone portion. Thus, the absence of bone tissue implies the lack of protection of the brain tissue or even compromises the esthetics especially when located in the frontal or frontoparietal region. The purpose of this case report is to describe a treatment option for head trauma, through the prefabricated part by obtaining the skull model. These bone faults can be reconstructed either by the direct method using polymethylmethacrylate directly on the defects or by means of pre-made pieces such as prototyping or from the skull model. Although other techniques have many good points, some show certain drawbacks, from storage conditions below abdominal fat, preheating due to the release of heat during the high polymerization reaction or the high cost when they are prototyped. The technique described in this work reports its simple performance, eliminating the risk of local heating, allows prior sterilization in autoclave, it is biocompatible, allows perfect anatomical recovery, easy placement, low cost, also highlighs the advantage of the bucomaxillofacial surgeon's performance due to the familiarization with the relevant head and neck procedures. Clinical and tomographic examination after 24 months of treatment showed stability of the polymethylmethacrylate plate, adhesions to the bone margins, and absence of tissue alterations.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Os traumatismos cranioencefálicos que resultam em extensos edemas e ou hematomas normalmente, requerem tratamentos cirúrgicos por meio de uma retirada maior de porção óssea. Deste modo, a ausência do tecido ósseo implica na falta de proteção do tecido cerebral ou até mesmo comprometer a estética especialmente, quando localizadas na região frontal ou frontoparietal. O objetivo deste relato de caso é descrever uma opção de tratamento para os traumatismos cranioencefálicos, por meio da peça pré-fabricada mediante a obtenção do modelo do crânio. Estas falhas ósseas podem ser reconstruídas tanto pelo método direto utilizando o polimetilmetacrilato diretamente sobre as falhas ou por meio das peças pré-confeccionadas como a prototipagem ou a partir do modelo do crânio. Embora outras técnicas apresentem muitos pontos positivos, algumas mostram determinados inconvenientes, desde condição de armazenamento abaixo da gordura abdominal, aquecimento prévio devido a liberação de calor durante a reação de alto polimerização ou o alto custo quando são prototipadas. A técnica neste trabalho descrita relata sua facilidade de execução, elimina o risco do aquecimento local, permite a prévia esterilização em autoclave, é biocompatível, permite a perfeita recuperação anatômica, fácil colocação, baixo custo, ressaltando ainda a vantagem da atuação do cirurgião bucomaxilofacial devido sua familiarização com os procedimentos pertinentes a cabeça e pescoço. Em exame clínico e tomográfico após 24 meses do tratamento, observa-se estabilidade da placa de polimetilmetacrilato, aderências às margens ósseas, e ausência de alterações tissulares.

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          Most cited references24

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          Epidemiological analysis of maxillofacial fractures in Brazil: a 5-year prospective study.

          The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in the Piracicaba region of Brazil during a 5-year period and to delineate comparisons with worldwide facial fracture patterns. A descriptive statistical analysis was developed based on data collected using a specifically designed clinical survey of all patients who attended the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Piracicaba Dental School from 1999 to 2004. Information regarding age, gender, etiology, and type of maxillofacial injury and its associated lesions were evaluated. In addition, treatment modalities and complication rates during patient follow-up were assessed. A total of 1024 patients presenting 1399 maxillofacial fractures were analyzed. Patients' ages ranged from 0 to 88 years (mean age, 28 +/- 16.4 years). The ratio of men to women was 4:1. Most fractures were caused by traffic accidents (45%), followed by assaults (22.6%), falls (17.9%), sports accidents (7.8%), and work accidents (4.5%). The prevalent anatomic regions of facial fractures (in percentages) were the mandible (44.2%), the zygomatic complex (32.5%), and the nasal bones (16.2%). Associated systemic lesions were found in 41.9% of patients, with prevalence for injuries to the upper (24.1%) and lower limbs (15.4%). Patient management was considered to be conservative in 490 patients (47.9%), and surgical therapy was performed in 493 patients (48.1%), of whom 399 (80.9%) were treated with open reduction and rigid internal fixation. Complications occurred in 76 patients (7.4%), mainly due to infection and malocclusion. The findings of this study indicated that epidemiological research of maxillofacial fractures allows the presentation patterns of the most affected individuals and the nature of their lesions to be outlined according to the region evaluated. Furthermore, treatment evaluation and complication rate analysis permits a more realistic interpretation of how patients should be managed.
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            Outcomes of cranial repair after craniectomy.

            Hemicraniectomy is a commonly practiced neurosurgical intervention with a wide range of indications and clinical data supporting its use. The extensive use of this procedure directly results in more cranioplasties to repair skull defects. The complication rate for cranial repair after craniectomy seems to be higher than that of the typical elective craniotomy. This finding prompted the authors to review their experience with patients undergoing cranial repair. The authors performed a retrospective review of 212 patients who underwent cranial repair over a 13-year period at their institution. A database tracking age, presenting diagnosis, side of surgery, length of time before cranial repair, bone graft material used, presence of a ventricular shunt, presence of a postoperative drain, and complications was created and analyzed. The overall complication rate was 16.4% (35 of 213 patients). Patients 0-39 years of age had the lowest complication rate of 8% (p = 0.028). For patients 40-59 years of age and older than 60, complication rates were 20 and 26%, respectively. Patients who originally presented with traumatic injuries had a lower rate of complications than those who did not (10 vs 20%; p = 0.049). Conversely, patients who presented with tumors had a higher complication rate than those without (38 vs 15%; p = 0.027). Patients who received autologous bone graft placement had a statistically significant lower risk of postoperative infection (4.6 vs 18.4%; p = 0.002). Patients who underwent cranioplasty with a 0-3 month interval between operations had a complication rate of 9%, 3-6 months 18.8%, and > 6 months 26%. Pairwise comparisons showed that the difference between the 0-3 month interval and the > 6-month interval was significant (p = 0.007). The difference between the 0-3 month interval and the 4-6 month interval showed a trend (p = 0.07). No difference was detected between the 4-6 month interval and > 6-month interval (p = 0.35). The overall rate of complications related to cranioplasty after craniectomy is not negligible, and certain factors may be associated with increased risk. Therefore, when evaluating the need to perform a large decompressive craniectomy, the surgeon should also be aware that the patient is not only subject to the risks of the initial operation, but also the risks of subsequent cranioplasty.
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              Repairing holes in the head: a history of cranioplasty.

              Cranioplasty is almost as ancient as trephination, yet its fascinating history has been neglected. There is strong evidence that Incan surgeons were performing cranioplasty using precious metals and gourds. Interestingly, early surgical authors, such as Hippocrates and Galen, do not discuss cranioplasty and it was not until the 16th century that cranioplasty in the form of a gold plate was mentioned by Fallopius. The first bone graft was recorded by Meekeren, who in 1668 noted that canine bone was used to repair a cranial defect in a Russian man. The next advance in cranioplasty was the experimental groundwork in bone grafting, performed in the late 19th century. The use of autografts for cranioplasty became popular in the early 20th century. The destructive nature of 20th century warfare provided an impetus to search for alternative metals and plastics to cover large cranial defects. The metallic bone substitutes have largely been replaced by modern plastics. Methyl methacrylate was introduced in 1940 and is currently the most common material used. Research in cranioplasty is now directed at improving the ability of the host to regenerate bone. As modern day trephiners, neurosurgeons should be cognizant of how the technique of repairing a hole in the head has evolved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rgo
                RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia
                RGO, Rev. Gaúch. Odontol.
                Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                1981-8637
                1981-8637
                September 2018
                : 66
                : 3
                : 267-273
                Affiliations
                [1] Anápolis GO orgnameHospital Estadual de Urgências de Anápolis Dr Brasil
                [3] São Paulo SP orgnameHospital Regional de Ferraz de Vasconcelos Dr. Osiris Florindo Coelho de São Paulo Brasil
                [4] Anápolis GO orgnameHospital de Urgências de Anápolis Brasil
                [2] Anápolis GO orgnameCentro Universitário de Anápolis Uni Evangélica Brasil
                [5] Goiânia Goiás orgnameUniversidade Federal de Goiás orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia Brazil
                Article
                S1981-86372018000300267
                10.1590/1981-8637201800030000123376
                f1775cf6-f359-421d-b0c0-a87407bf6f57

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 November 2017
                : 23 May 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Clinical

                Craniectomia,Polimetilmetacrilato,Próteses,Craniectomy,Polymethylmethacrylate,Prosthetics

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