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      Eficiencia del uso del agua de un viñedo y su relación con porosidad del suelo Translated title: Water use efficiency in a vineyard and its relationship with soil porosity

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          Abstract

          Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la capacidad de retención de humedad del suelo debido a la porosidad (η) y su relación con la eficiencia intrínseca del uso del agua (EFi) y la productividad marginal del agua (PMA) de una plantación de vid (Vitis vinífera L.) cv Shiraz. El estudio se realizó en dos viñedos de diferente porosidad en la Vinícola San Lorenzo, Parras, Coahuila, en el ciclo de producción marzo-septiembre de 2014. La η se determinó por medio de la densidad aparente y de partículas. Los cambios en la humedad del suelo se midieron con sondas TDR en cada plantación y la EFi con determinaciones de asimilación de CO2 y tasa de evapotranspiración colocando un sistema Eddy en cada plantación. La porosidad de una de las plantaciones fue 0.385 cm3/cm3 (mayor porosidad) y la otra 0.306 cm3/cm3, que correspondió a una diferencia de 25.82%. La diferencia en la porosidad del suelo significó una notable diferencia en el contenido volumétrico de agua del suelo, que resultó en una mayor tasa de evapotranspiración y de asimilación de bióxido de carbono por el cultivo. La mayor disponibilidad de agua en el suelo no tuvo efecto en la eficiencia intrínseca del uso del agua, sin embargo, la productividad marginal del agua fue, en promedio, 24.64% mayor en el viñedo de mayor porosidad a través de las etapas de desarrollo de las plantas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the water-holding capacity of soil given its porosity (η), and its relationship with the intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) and the marginal productivity of the water (MPW), in a vineyard planted with Vitis vinífera L. (Shiraz variety). This study was conducted in two vineyards having different soil porosity, on land belonging to the San Lorenzo wine company in Parras, Coahuila during the March-September growing cycle, 2014. The η was calculated based on the bulk and particle density. Changes in the soil’s water content were evaluated at each vineyard using TDR probes, and the WUEi was determined based on CO2 assimilation and evapotranspiration rates, with an Eddy system in each vineyard. The soil porosity reached 0.385 cm3/cm3 (highest value) in one of the vineyards and 0.306 cm3/cm3 in the other, which corresponded to a difference of 25.82%. This difference in soil porosity indicates a large difference in the volumetric soil water content, resulting in higher evapotranspiration and CO2 assimilation rates. The highest water availability did not affect the intrinsic water-use efficiency. And throughout the growing stages of the plants, the marginal productivity of the water was on average 26.64% higher in the vineyard that had more soil porosity.

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          Stomatal size, speed, and responsiveness impact on photosynthesis and water use efficiency.

          The control of gaseous exchange between the leaf and bulk atmosphere by stomata governs CO₂ uptake for photosynthesis and transpiration, determining plant productivity and water use efficiency. The balance between these two processes depends on stomatal responses to environmental and internal cues and the synchrony of stomatal behavior relative to mesophyll demands for CO₂. Here we examine the rapidity of stomatal responses with attention to their relationship to photosynthetic CO₂ uptake and the consequences for water use. We discuss the influence of anatomical characteristics on the velocity of changes in stomatal conductance and explore the potential for manipulating the physical as well as physiological characteristics of stomatal guard cells in order to accelerate stomatal movements in synchrony with mesophyll CO₂ demand and to improve water use efficiency without substantial cost to photosynthetic carbon fixation. We conclude that manipulating guard cell transport and metabolism is just as, if not more likely to yield useful benefits as manipulations of their physical and anatomical characteristics. Achieving these benefits should be greatly facilitated by quantitative systems analysis that connects directly the molecular properties of the guard cells to their function in the field.
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            Improving photosynthesis.

            Photosynthesis is the basis of plant growth, and improving photosynthesis can contribute toward greater food security in the coming decades as world population increases. Multiple targets have been identified that could be manipulated to increase crop photosynthesis. The most important target is Rubisco because it catalyses both carboxylation and oxygenation reactions and the majority of responses of photosynthesis to light, CO₂, and temperature are reflected in its kinetic properties. Oxygenase activity can be reduced either by concentrating CO₂ around Rubisco or by modifying the kinetic properties of Rubisco. The C₄ photosynthetic pathway is a CO₂-concentrating mechanism that generally enables C₄ plants to achieve greater efficiency in their use of light, nitrogen, and water than C₃ plants. To capitalize on these advantages, attempts have been made to engineer the C₄ pathway into C₃ rice (Oryza sativa). A simpler approach is to transfer bicarbonate transporters from cyanobacteria into chloroplasts and prevent CO₂ leakage. Recent technological breakthroughs now allow higher plant Rubisco to be engineered and assembled successfully in planta. Novel amino acid sequences can be introduced that have been impossible to reach via normal evolution, potentially enlarging the range of kinetic properties and breaking free from the constraints associated with covariation that have been observed between certain kinetic parameters. Capturing the promise of improved photosynthesis in greater yield potential will require continued efforts to improve carbon allocation within the plant as well as to maintain grain quality and resistance to disease and lodging.
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              Separating active and passive influences on stomatal control of transpiration.

              Motivated by studies suggesting that the stomata of ferns and lycophytes do not conform to the standard active abscisic acid (ABA) -mediated stomatal control model, we examined stomatal behavior in a conifer species (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) that is phylogenetically midway between the fern and angiosperm clades. Similar to ferns, daytime stomatal closure in response to moderate water stress seemed to be a passive hydraulic process in M. glyptostroboides immediately alleviated by rehydrating excised shoots. Only after prolonged exposure to more extreme water stress did active ABA-mediated stomatal closure become important, because foliar ABA production was triggered after leaf turgor loss. The influence of foliar ABA on stomatal conductance and stomatal aperture was highly predictable and additive with the passive hydraulic influence. M. glyptostroboides thus occupies a stomatal behavior type intermediate between the passively controlled ferns and the characteristic ABA-dependent stomatal closure described in angiosperm herbs. These results highlight the importance of considering phylogeny as a major determinant of stomatal behavior.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tca
                Tecnología y ciencias del agua
                Tecnol. cienc. agua
                Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Coordinación de Comunicación, Participación e Información (Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico )
                2007-2422
                October 2017
                : 8
                : 5
                : 57-69
                Affiliations
                [3] Saltillo Coahuila orgnamePalau Bioquim, S.A. de C.V. México cardenasjomar@ 123456palaubioquim.com
                [4] Saltillo orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro orgdiv1Departamento de Maquinaria Agrícola Mexico martincadena@ 123456uaaan.mx
                [1] Saltillo orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro orgdiv1Departamento de Riego y Drenaje Mexico azermeno@ 123456uaaan.mx
                [2] Saltillo orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro orgdiv1Departamento de Horticultura Mexico homero.ramirez@ 123456uaaan.mx
                Article
                S2007-24222017000500057 S2007-2422(17)00800500057
                10.24850/j-tyca-2017-05-04
                ede9aeb3-68dc-4c1e-85a1-3c3e83f5f365

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 March 2017
                : 12 November 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                covarianza Eddy,photosynthesis,evapotranspiration,Eddy Covariance,fotosíntesis,evapotranspiración

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