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      Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil

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          Abstract

          The ecomorphology of 14 fish species resident in a headwater riffles area of the São Francisco river, southeastern Brasil, was analyzed and combined with diet and feeding behavior data, previously obtained by us. The three larger species groups formed in the ecomorphological analysis were found to reflect primarily microhabitat occupation in the following manner: a) nektonic characids with compressed bodies, lateral eyes and lateral pectoral fins, with diurnal and opportunistic feeding habits (Astyanax rivularis, Bryconamericus stramineus, and Bryconamericus sp.); b) nektobenthic characiforms and siluriforms with fusiform bodies and expanded pectoral fins, including sit-and-wait characidiins, predators of aquatic insect larvae (Characidium fasciatum and Ch.zebra), as well as the algae grazing parodontids (Apareiodon ibitiensis and Parodon hilarii), and also the heptapterid and trichomycterid catfishes that practice substrate speculation and feed on benthic aquatic insect larvae (Cetopsorhamdia iheringi, Imparfinis minutus, Rhamdia quelen, and Trichomycterus sp.); c) benthic species with depressed bodies, suctorial oral discs, dorsal eyes, and horizontal pectoral fins, represented by the periphytivorous loricariid catfishes (Hisonotus sp., Harttia sp., and Hypostomus garmani). Correlation between diet and general morphology was not significant in our analysis, unless when the analyzed set included only nektonic and benthic species, indicating that the lack of correlation between these factors is most pronounced in the group of nektobenthic species. The unequivocal case of morphological convergence found between the nektobenthic Characidiinae and Parodontidae is a clear example of the integration between phylogenetic information and ecomorphology, and provides a way to objectively identify cases of morphological and adaptive convergence and divergence. Furthermore, the general congruence between the ecomorphological results and the independently obtained ecological data about the analyzed fish species in their natural environment seems to be strong evidence in favor of the proposed predictive capabilities of the ecomorphological hypothesis.

          Translated abstract

          A ecomorfologia de 14 espécies de peixes residentes em um trecho de corredeiras do curso superior do rio São Francisco, sudeste do Brasil, foi analisada e combinada com dados de comportamento alimentar e dieta, previamente obtidos por nós. Os três principais agrupamentos ecomorfológicos de espécies identificados refletem a ocupação espacial de micro-hábitats da seguinte forma: a) caracídeos nectônicos com corpos comprimidos, olhos laterais e nadadeiras peitorais laterais, com hábitos noturnos e oportunistas alimentares (Astyanax rivularis, Bryconamericus stramineus e Bryconamericus sp.); b) nectobentônicos com corpos fusiformes e nadadeiras peitorais expandidas, que incluem os caracidiíneos predadores de espreita que se alimentam principalmente de larvas aquáticas bentônicas de insetos (Characidium fasciatum e Characidium zebra), parodontídeos pastadores de epilíton (Apareiodon ibitiensis e Parodon hilarii) e bagres especuladores de substratos que se alimentam principalmente de larvas aquáticas de insetos (Cetopsorhamdia iheringi, Imparfinis minutus, Rhamdia quelen e Trichomycterus sp.); c) bentônicos com corpos deprimidos, lábios modificados em discos orais suctorias, olhos dorsais e nadadeiras peitorais amplas, representados pelos cascudos perifitívoros (Hisonotus sp., Harttia sp. e Hypostomus garmani). Correlação entre dieta e morfologia geral não foi significative em nossa análise, a não ser quando o conjunto analisado incluiu apenas as espécies nectônicas e bentônicas, indicando que a ausência de correlação entre esses fatores é mais pronunciada no grupo de espécies nectobentônicas. A constatação do caso ineqüívoco de convergência morfológica entre os Characidiinae e Parodontidae nectobentônicos é um claro exemplo de como a integração da informação filogenética com a ecomorfologia pode identificar objetivamente casos de convergência e divergência adaptativa. Finalmente, a congruência entre os resultados ecomorfológicos com aqueles obtidos independentemente sobre a ecologia das espécies estudadas em seu ambiente natural parece ser uma forte evidência em favor do proposto valor preditivo da hipótese ecomorfológica.

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          Interrelationships of the ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei)

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            The Ecology of Running Water

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              Ecological morphology of freshwater stream fishes

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ni
                Neotropical Ichthyology
                Neotrop. ichthyol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia (Maringá )
                1982-0224
                June 2006
                : 4
                : 2
                : 203-214
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S1679-62252006000200006
                10.1590/S1679-62252006000200006
                e61da3b2-7ab1-4991-a8da-fa5bd1485c70

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1679-6225&lng=en
                Categories
                ZOOLOGY

                Animal science & Zoology
                Feeding tactics,Diet,Morphology,Rheophilic,Phylogeny,Fish community
                Animal science & Zoology
                Feeding tactics, Diet, Morphology, Rheophilic, Phylogeny, Fish community

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