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      Filamin A : A regulator of blood-testis barrier assembly during post-natal development

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          Abstract

          Filamins are a family of actin-binding proteins composed of filamin A, B and C. Besides of their ability to induce perpendicular branching of F-actin filaments via their actin binding domains near the N-terminus, filamins can regulate multiple cellular functions because of their unique ability to recruit more than 90 protein binding partners to their primary sequences which are having highly diversified cellular functions. However, this family of proteins has not been examined in the testis until recently. Herein, we highlight recent findings in the field regarding the role of these proteins in cell epithelia, and based on recent data in the testis regarding their role on spermatogenesis, this review provides the basis for future functional studies.

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          Filamins as integrators of cell mechanics and signalling.

          Filamins are large actin-binding proteins that stabilize delicate three-dimensional actin webs and link them to cellular membranes. They integrate cellular architectural and signalling functions and are essential for fetal development and cell locomotion. Here, we describe the history, structure and function of this group of proteins.
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            Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interactions and their significance in germ cell movement in the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis.

            Spermatogenesis is the process by which a single spermatogonium develops into 256 spermatozoa, one of which will fertilize the ovum. Since the 1950s when the stages of the epithelial cycle were first described, reproductive biologists have been in pursuit of one question: How can a spermatogonium traverse the epithelium, while at the same time differentiating into elongate spermatids that remain attached to the Sertoli cell throughout their development? Although it was generally agreed upon that junction restructuring was involved, at that time the types of junctions present in the testis were not even discerned. Today, it is known that tight, anchoring, and gap junctions are found in the testis. The testis also has two unique anchoring junction types, the ectoplasmic specialization and tubulobulbar complex. However, attention has recently shifted on identifying the regulatory molecules that "open" and "close" junctions, because this information will be useful in elucidating the mechanism of germ cell movement. For instance, cytokines have been shown to induce Sertoli cell tight junction disassembly by shutting down the production of tight junction proteins. Other factors such as proteases, protease inhibitors, GTPases, kinases, and phosphatases also come into play. In this review, we focus on this cellular phenomenon, recapping recent developments in the field.
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              Spermatogonial stem cell regulation and spermatogenesis

              This article will provide an updated review of spermatogonial stem cells and their role in maintaining the spermatogenic lineage. Experimental tools used to study spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) will be described, along with research using these tools to enhance our understanding of stem cell biology and spermatogenesis. Increased knowledge about the biology of SSCs improves our capacity to manipulate these cells for practical application. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions for fundamental investigation and practical applications of SSCs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Spermatogenesis
                Spermatogenesis
                SPMG
                Spermatogenesis
                Landes Bioscience
                2156-5554
                2156-5562
                01 April 2012
                01 April 2012
                : 2
                : 2
                : 73-78
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research; Center for Biomedical Research; The Population Council; New York, NY USA
                [2 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; China Medical University; Shen Yang, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: C. Yan Cheng; Email: Y-Cheng@ 123456popcbr.rockefeller.edu
                Article
                SPMG20223 20223
                10.4161/spmg.20223
                3364794
                22670216
                e6083f92-1fd6-4fca-a46b-7163ede2dfbe
                Copyright © 2012 Landes Bioscience

                This is an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. The article may be redistributed, reproduced, and reused for non-commercial purposes, provided the original source is properly cited.

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                Human biology
                filamins,seminiferous epithelial cycle,blood-testis barrier,spermatogenesis,cytoskeleton,filamin a,testis,cell adhesion,ectoplasmic specialization,actin filaments

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