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      Aspectos da composição e diversidade do componente arbóreo das florestas da Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande, Cotia, SP Translated title: Tree species composition and diversity of the Morro Grande Forest Reserve, Cotia, SP, Brazil

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          Abstract

          Este trabalho procurou caracterizar a composição florística arbórea e comparar florestas secundárias e maduras da Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande (RFMG), em Cotia, região metropolitana de São Paulo. Discute-se, também, a classificação utilizada para denominar esta cobertura florestal e a importância da RFMG para conservação. Utilizou-se o método de pontos quadrantes, amostrando-se 2400 árvores em seis áreas, três localizadas em regiões com florestas secundárias e três com predomínio de florestas mais conservadas ou maduras. Em cada local, levantaram-se 400 indivíduos arbóreos em 100 pontos-quadrantes, divididos em blocos de 25 pontos distantes 200 m uns dos outros. Os dados por áreas e blocos foram analisados através de agrupamento e ordenamento (UPGMA e DCA). Das 260 espécies arbóreas encontradas, apenas 12 foram amostradas nas seis áreas. A riqueza encontrada foi surpreendentemente alta quando comparada a outros levantamentos feitos na região. Os índices de diversidade de Shannon (H') situam-se entre os maiores para as florestas paulistas: 4,75 nats/indivíduo para a amostragem total; 4,25 para as três áreas secundárias; e 4,54 para as três áreas maduras. A amostra estratificada permitiu verificar a variação interna da floresta, revelando diferenças em riqueza e abundância entre os seis locais e os blocos de amostragem, em particular diferenciando as áreas secundárias e maduras. A DCA mostrou-se útil na detecção de espécies características dentro do gradiente sucessional. A floresta em geral pode ser classificada como "floresta ombrófila densa montana", com presença de espécies de florestas mistas, estacionais semideciduais e cerradão, o que parece confirmar a existência, no local, de um antigo "refúgio alto-montano" sob condições de climas mais secos no passado, assim como o caráter ecotonal das florestas da região. A riqueza e mistura de elementos de várias floras denotam a importância da conservação da Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande.

          Translated abstract

          The main objective of this study was to characterize the tree arboreal species composition and to compare secondary and mature forests of the Morro Grande Forest Reserve (Cotia, metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil). Based on this evaluation, we discuss the forest type classification and the conservation value of this Reserve. We used the point centered quarter method, sampling 2,400 trees in six different sites, three with secondary forests and three other ones with a predominance of mature forests. In each site, four blocks of 25 points were assessed, totalizing 100 points or 400 individuals. The blocks were 200 m apart from each other. Data were analyzed through cluster and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). Results showed differences among sites, essentially differentiating the secondary and mature sites. DCA and cluster analyses were particularly useful to detect characteristic species for these two main successsional stages. Among the 260 species observed, only 12 were sampled in the six sites. Richness and diversity were surprisingly high when compared with previous studies in the study region. The Shannon diversity values were among the highest in the state of São Paulo, with 4.75 nats/tree for the whole sampling, 4.25 nats/tree for the three secondary sites, and 4.54 nats/tree for the three mature sites. The studied forest may be essentially classified as "Dense Mountain Rain Forest" presenting species from the Araucaria mixed forest, and also from the semi-deciduous forest and Cerrado (woody savanna) region. Those results seem to confirm the hypothesis of a "high montane refuge" in drier climatic conditions in the past. The high richness and mixed composition of different floras highlighted the importance to preserve the Morro Grande forest.

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          Estrutura de uma floresta mesófila

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            Threatened biotas: "hot spots" in tropical forests.

            The mass-extinction episode underway is largely centered on tropical forests, insofar as they contain at least half of all Earth's species and they are being depleted faster than any other biome. But species distributions and depletion patterns are anything but uniform throughout the biome. This paper identifies 10 areas that a) are characterized by exceptional concentrations of species with high levels of endemism and b) are experiencing unusually rapid rates of depletion. While these "hotspot" areas comprise less than 3.5% of remaining primary forests, they harbor over 34,000 endemic plant species (27% of all plant species in tropical forests and 13% of all plant species worldwide). They also feature 700,000 endemic animal species and possibly several times more. Unfortunately, they appear likely to lose 90% of their forest cover as soon as the end of the century or shortly thereafter, causing the extinction of almost 7% of Earth's plant species and at least a similar proportion of animal species, this occurring in only 0.2% of Earth's land surface. By concentrating on such areas where needs are greatest and where the pay-off from safeguard measures would also be greatest, conservationists can engage in a more systematized response to the challenge of large-scale extinctions impending in tropical forests.
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              Climatologia

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bn
                Biota Neotropica
                Biota Neotrop.
                Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP (Campinas )
                1676-0611
                2006
                : 6
                : 2
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo
                [2 ] Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC)
                [3 ] Instituto Florestal
                [4 ] Instituto Florestal
                [5 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S1676-06032006000200004
                10.1590/S1676-06032006000200004
                e4deff39-7be6-4f88-8aa4-732f1790382e

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1676-0603&lng=en
                Categories
                BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

                Animal science & Zoology
                Dense Mountain Rain Forest,tree species composition,richness and diversity,secondary and mature forests,São Paulo Atlantic Plateau,Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana,composição,riqueza e diversidade florística,florestas secundárias e maduras,Planalto Atlântico paulista

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