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      ADHD symptoms in healthy adults are associated with stressful life events and negative memory bias

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          Abstract

          Stressful life events, especially Childhood Trauma, predict ADHD symptoms. Childhood Trauma and negatively biased memory are risk factors for affective disorders. The association of life events and bias with ADHD symptoms may inform about the etiology of ADHD. Memory bias was tested using a computer task in N = 675 healthy adults. Life events and ADHD symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. The mediation of the association between life events and ADHD symptoms by memory bias was examined. We explored the roles of different types of life events and of ADHD symptom clusters. Life events and memory bias were associated with overall ADHD symptoms as well as inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom clusters. Memory bias mediated the association of Lifetime Life Events, specifically Childhood Trauma, with ADHD symptoms. Negatively biased memory may be a cognitive marker of the effects of Childhood Trauma on the development and/or persistence of ADHD symptoms.

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          The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample.

          John R Crawford, Julie D Henry (2004)
          To evaluate the reliability and validity of the PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988b) and provide normative data. Cross-sectional and correlational. The PANAS was administered to a non-clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (N = 1,003). Competing models of the latent structure of the PANAS were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Regression and correlational analysis were used to determine the influence of demographic variables on PANAS scores as well as the relationship between the PANAS with measures of depression and anxiety (the HADS and the DASS). The best-fitting model (robust comparative fit index = .94) of the latent structure of the PANAS consisted of two correlated factors corresponding to the PA and NA scales, and permitted correlated error between items drawn from the same mood subcategories (Zevon & Tellegen, 1982). Demographic variables had only very modest influences on PANAS scores and the PANAS exhibited measurement invariance across demographic subgroups. The reliability of the PANAS was high, and the pattern of relationships between the PANAS and the DASS and HADS were consistent with tripartite theory. The PANAS is a reliable and valid measure of the constructs it was intended to assess, although the hypothesis of complete independence between PA and NA must be rejected. The utility of this measure is enhanced by the provision of large-scale normative data. Copyright 2004 The British Psychological Society
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            Cognition and depression: current status and future directions.

            Ian Gotlib, Jutta Joormann (2010)
            Cognitive theories of depression posit that people's thoughts, inferences, attitudes, and interpretations, and the way in which they attend to and recall information, can increase their risk for depression. Three mechanisms have been implicated in the relation between biased cognitive processing and the dysregulation of emotion in depression: inhibitory processes and deficits in working memory, ruminative responses to negative mood states and negative life events, and the inability to use positive and rewarding stimuli to regulate negative mood. In this review, we present a contemporary characterization of depressive cognition and discuss how different cognitive processes are related not only to each other, but also to emotion dysregulation, the hallmark feature of depression. We conclude that depression is characterized by increased elaboration of negative information, by difficulties disengaging from negative material, and by deficits in cognitive control when processing negative information. We discuss treatment implications of these conclusions and argue that the study of cognitive aspects of depression must be broadened by investigating neural and genetic factors that are related to cognitive dysfunction in this disorder. Such integrative investigations should help us gain a more comprehensive understanding of how cognitive and biological factors interact to affect the onset, maintenance, and course of depression.
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              Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis.

              Viktória Simon, Pál Czobor, Sára Bálint … (2009)
              In spite of the growing literature about adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), relatively little is known about the prevalence and correlates of this disorder. To estimate the prevalence of adult ADHD and to identify its demographic correlates using meta-regression analysis. We used the MEDLINE, PsycLit and EMBASE databases as well as hand-searching to find relevant publications. The pooled prevalence of adult ADHD was 2.5% (95% CI 2.1-3.1). Gender and mean age, interacting with each other, were significantly related to prevalence of ADHD. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the proportion of participants with ADHD decreased with age when men and women were equally represented in the sample. Prevalence of ADHD in adults declines with age in the general population. We think, however, that the unclear validity of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for this condition can lead to reduced prevalence rates by underestimation of the prevalence of adult ADHD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Janna N. Vrijsen:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7081-9893
                +31 24 36 10685 , Janna.Vrijsen@radboudumc.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Atten Defic Hyperact Disord
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Atten Defic Hyperact Disord
                Title: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
                Publisher: Springer Vienna (Vienna )
                ISSN (Print): 1866-6116
                ISSN (Electronic): 1866-6647
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 October 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 October 2017
                Publication date (Print): 2018
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 151-160
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Depression Expertise Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0444 9382, GRID grid.10417.33, Department of Human Genetics, , Radboud University Medical Center, ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0444 9382, GRID grid.10417.33, Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, , Radboud University Medical Center, ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7081-9893
                Article
                Publisher ID: 241
                DOI: 10.1007/s12402-017-0241-x
                PMC ID: 5973996
                PubMed ID: 29081022
                SO-VID: d8c1ae81-cbde-43a1-b8e4-65bdc1be2560
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Date received : 15 May 2017
                Date accepted : 9 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: adhd,childhood trauma,stressful events,memory bias,persistence
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: adhd, childhood trauma, stressful events, memory bias, persistence

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