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      Prevalence of psychological distress on public health officials amid COVID-19 pandemic

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to increased burnout among frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), little research has been done regarding the potential psychological burden among public health officials who have worked tirelessly to tackle the pandemic from an administrative perspective. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of burnout, depression, and job-related stress in Japanese public health officers amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

          Methods

          We conducted an anonymous, self-administered web-based cross-sectional survey including basic demographics, work-related questions, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-3, and Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. 100 public health officers working in the public health centers (PHCs) in Okayama, Japan, answered the survey in December 2021 when the 5th surge in the number of COVID-19 was over.

          Results

          The prevalence of burnout, depression, and job-related stress was 27%, 43%, and 62%, respectively. The multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated that females, public health nurses, and those who suffered from a lack of support from their workplaces were significantly associated with psychological distress.

          Conclusions

          While we tend to focus on mitigation plans to help alleviate burnout of frontline HCWs, more focus is needed to help public health officers, and public health nurses, in particular, to alleviate their psychological distress and job-related stress to prevent further staff shortages and secure sustainable health systems.

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          A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and burnout symptoms

          Gunnar Aronsson, Töres Theorell, Tom Grape … (2017)
          Background Practitioners and decision makers in the medical and insurance systems need knowledge on the relationship between work exposures and burnout. Many burnout studies – original as well as reviews - restricted their analyses to emotional exhaustion or did not report results on cynicism, personal accomplishment or global burnout. To meet this need we carried out this review and meta-analyses with the aim to provide systematically graded evidence for associations between working conditions and near-future development of burnout symptoms. Methods A wide range of work exposure factors was screened. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Study performed in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand 1990–2013. 2) Prospective or comparable case control design. 3) Assessments of exposure (work) and outcome at baseline and at least once again during follow up 1–5 years later. Twenty-five articles met the predefined relevance and quality criteria. The GRADE-system with its 4-grade evidence scale was used. Results Most of the 25 studies focused emotional exhaustion, fewer cynicism and still fewer personal accomplishment. Moderately strong evidence (grade 3) was concluded for the association between job control and reduced emotional exhaustion and between low workplace support and increased emotional exhaustion. Limited evidence (grade 2) was found for the associations between workplace justice, demands, high work load, low reward, low supervisor support, low co-worker support, job insecurity and change in emotional exhaustion. Cynicism was associated with most of these work factors. Reduced personal accomplishment was only associated with low reward. There were few prospective studies with sufficient quality on adverse chemical, biological and physical factors and burnout. Conclusion While high levels of job support and workplace justice were protective for emotional exhaustion, high demands, low job control, high work load, low reward and job insecurity increased the risk for developing exhaustion. Our approach with a wide range of work exposure factors analysed in relation to the separate dimensions of burnout expanded the knowledge of associations, evidence as well as research needs. The potential of organizational interventions is illustrated by the findings that burnout symptoms are strongly influenced by structural factors such as job demands, support and the possibility to exert control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4153-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Prevalence of Health Care Worker Burnout During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Japan

            Takahiro Matsuo, Daiki Kobayashi, Fumika Taki … (2020)
            This cross-sectional study evaluates the prevalence of and factors associated with burnout among frontline health care workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Japan.
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              Burnout and Associated Factors Amongst Healthcare Workers in Singapore during the COVID-19 pandemic

              Benjamin Tan, Kanneganti Abhiram, Lucas JH. Lim … (2020)
              Objectives The strain on healthcare systems due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased psychological distress among healthcare workers (HCWs). As this global crisis continues with little signs of abatement, we examine burnout and associated factors among HCWs. Design Cross-sectional survey study. Setting and Participants Doctors, nurses, allied health professionals, administrative and support staff in four public hospitals and one primary care service in Singapore 3 months after COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic. Methods Study questionnaire captured demographic and workplace environment information and comprised three validated instruments, namely the Oldenberg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Multivariate mixed model regression analyses were employed to evaluate independent associations of mean OLBI-Disengagement and -Exhaustion scores. Further subgroup analysis was performed among redeployed HCWs. Results Among 11,286 invited HCWs, 3,075 valid responses were received, giving an overall response rate of 27.2%. Mean OLBI scores were 2.38 and 2.50 for Disengagement and Exhaustion respectively. Burnout thresholds in Disengagement and Exhaustion were met by 79.7% and 75.3% of respondents respectively. On multivariate regression analysis, Chinese or Malay ethnicity, HADS anxiety or depression scores ≥8, shifts lasting ≥8 hours and being redeployed were significantly associated with higher OLBI mean scores, while high SAQ scores were significantly associated with lower scores. Among redeployed HCWs, those redeployed to high-risk areas in a different facility (offsite) had lower burnout scores than those redeployed within their own work facility (onsite). A higher proportion of HCWs redeployed offsite assessed their training to be good or better compared to those redeployed onsite. Conclusions and Implications Every level of the healthcare workforce is susceptible to high levels of burnout during this pandemic. Modifiable workplace factors include adequate training, avoiding prolonged shifts ≥8 hours and promoting safe working environments. Mitigating strategies should target every level of the healthcare workforce including frontline and non-frontline staff. Addressing and ameliorating burnout among HCWs should be a key priority for the sustainment of efforts to care for patients in the face of a prolonged pandemic.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Asian J Psychiatr
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Asian J Psychiatr
                Title: Asian Journal of Psychiatry
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 1876-2018
                ISSN (Electronic): 1876-2026
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 May 2022
                Publication date (Print): July 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 May 2022
                Volume: 73
                Page: 103160
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 7008558, Japan
                [b ]Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
                [1]

                Equal contribution.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S1876-2018(22)00158-7 Publisher ID: 103160
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103160
                PMC ID: 9098654
                PubMed ID: 35594688
                SO-VID: d1ed875a-6339-4bf1-842d-25bf37f0773a
                Copyright © © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 25 April 2022
                Date revision received : 4 May 2022
                Date accepted : 6 May 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19),pandemic,burnout,depression public health center
                Data availability:
                Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), pandemic, burnout, depression public health center

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