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      Roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the skin, and other physiological and pathophysiological functions

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Skin immunity is regulated by many mediator molecules. One is the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP has roles in regulating the function of components of the immune system including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and mast cells (MCs).

          Herein we discuss actions of CGRP in mediating inflammatory and vascular effects in various cutaneous models and disorders.

          Highlights

          • •

            CGRP can help to recruit immune cells through endothelium-dependent vasodilation.

          • •

            CGRP plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurogenic inflammation.

          • •

            Functions of many components in the immune system are influenced by CGRP.

          • •

            CGRP regulates various inflammatory processes in human skin by affecting different cell-types.

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          Most cited references246

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          TRP channels.

          Kartik Venkatachalam, Craig Montell (2007)
          The TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) superfamily of cation channels is remarkable in that it displays greater diversity in activation mechanisms and selectivities than any other group of ion channels. The domain organizations of some TRP proteins are also unusual, as they consist of linked channel and enzyme domains. A unifying theme in this group is that TRP proteins play critical roles in sensory physiology, which include contributions to vision, taste, olfaction, hearing, touch, and thermo- and osmosensation. In addition, TRP channels enable individual cells to sense changes in their local environment. Many TRP channels are activated by a variety of different stimuli and function as signal integrators. The TRP superfamily is divided into seven subfamilies: the five group 1 TRPs (TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPN, and TRPA) and two group 2 subfamilies (TRPP and TRPML). TRP channels are important for human health as mutations in at least four TRP channels underlie disease.
          Article 0 comments Cited 607 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing.

            Peter J Goadsby, Philip Holland, Margarida Martins-Oliveira … (2017)
            Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth most common cause of disability on the planet. The pathophysiology of migraine has emerged from a historical consideration of the "humors" through mid-20th century distraction of the now defunct Vascular Theory to a clear place as a neurological disorder. It could be said there are three questions: why, how, and when? Why: migraine is largely accepted to be an inherited tendency for the brain to lose control of its inputs. How: the now classical trigeminal durovascular afferent pathway has been explored in laboratory and clinic; interrogated with immunohistochemistry to functional brain imaging to offer a roadmap of the attack. When: migraine attacks emerge due to a disorder of brain sensory processing that itself likely cycles, influenced by genetics and the environment. In the first, premonitory, phase that precedes headache, brain stem and diencephalic systems modulating afferent signals, light-photophobia or sound-phonophobia, begin to dysfunction and eventually to evolve to the pain phase and with time the resolution or postdromal phase. Understanding the biology of migraine through careful bench-based research has led to major classes of therapeutics being identified: triptans, serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists; gepants, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists; ditans, 5-HT1F receptor agonists, CGRP mechanisms monoclonal antibodies; and glurants, mGlu5 modulators; with the promise of more to come. Investment in understanding migraine has been very successful and leaves us at a new dawn, able to transform its impact on a global scale, as well as understand fundamental aspects of human biology.
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              Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators.

              Charles Serhan, Bruce Levy (2018)
              Countless times each day, the acute inflammatory response protects us from invading microbes, injuries, and insults from within, as in surgery-induced tissue injury. These challenges go unnoticed because they are self-limited and naturally resolve without progressing to chronic inflammation. Peripheral blood markers of inflammation are present in many common diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. While acute inflammation is protective, excessive swarming of neutrophils amplifies collateral tissue damage and inflammation. Hence, understanding the mechanisms that control the resolution of acute inflammation provides insight into preventing and treating inflammatory diseases in multiple organs. This Review focuses on the resolution phase of inflammation with identification of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that involve three separate biosynthetic and potent mediator families, which are defined using the first quantitative resolution indices to score this vital process. These are the resolvins, protectins, and maresins: bioactive metabolomes that each stimulate self-limited innate responses, enhance innate microbial killing and clearance, and are organ-protective. We briefly address biosynthesis of SPMs and their activation of endogenous resolution programs as terrain for new therapeutic approaches that are not, by definition, immunosuppressive, but rather new immunoresolvent therapies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yee Jung Kim
                Richard D. Granstein
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Brain Behav Immun Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Brain Behav Immun Health
                Title: Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2666-3546
                Publication date PMC-release: 05 October 2021
                Publication date Collection: December 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 October 2021
                Volume: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100361
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, WGC9, New York, NY, 10021, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. rdgranst@ 123456med.cornell.edu
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2666-3546(21)00164-2 Publisher ID: 100361
                DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100361
                PMC ID: 8551410
                PubMed ID: 34746878
                SO-VID: cf0a1af0-656d-4740-95e7-6916494be1db
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 1 May 2021
                Date revision received : 1 October 2021
                Date accepted : 2 October 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: calcitonin gene-related peptide,cgrp,skin immunity,immunoregulation,neurogenic inflammation,cutaneous disorders,therapeutic target
                Data availability:
                Keywords: calcitonin gene-related peptide, cgrp, skin immunity, immunoregulation, neurogenic inflammation, cutaneous disorders, therapeutic target

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