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      Perceptions of environmental change and use of traditional knowledge to plan riparian forest restoration with relocated communities in Alcântara, Eastern Amazon

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          Abstract

          Background

          Riparian forests provide ecosystem services that are essential for human well-being. The Pepital River is the main water supply for Alcântara (Brazil) and its forests are disappearing. This is affecting water volume and distribution in the region. Promoting forest restoration is imperative. In deprived regions, restoration success depends on the integration of ecology, livelihoods and traditional knowledge (TEK). In this study, an interdisciplinary research framework is proposed to design riparian forest restoration strategies based on ecological data, TEK and social needs.

          Methods

          This study takes place in a region presenting a complex history of human relocation and land tenure. Local populations from seven villages were surveyed to document livelihood (including ‘free-listing’ of agricultural crops and homegarden tree species). Additionally, their perceptions toward environmental changes were explored through semi-structured interviews (n = 79). Ethnobotanical information on forest species and their uses were assessed by local-specialists (n = 19). Remnants of conserved forests were surveyed to access ecological information on tree species (three plots of 1,000 m 2). Results included descriptive statistics, frequency and Smith’s index of salience of the free-list results.

          Results

          The local population depends primarily on slash-and-burn subsistence agriculture to meet their needs. Interviewees showed a strong empirical knowledge about the environmental problems of the river, and of their causes, consequences and potential solutions. Twenty-four tree species (dbh > 10 cm) were found at the reference sites. Tree density averaged 510 individuals per hectare (stdv = 91.6); and 12 species were considered the most abundant (density > 10ind/ha). There was a strong consensus among plant-specialists about the most important trees. The species lists from reference sites and plant-specialists presented an important convergence.

          Conclusions

          Slash-and-burn agriculture is the main source of livelihood but also the main driver of forest degradation. Effective restoration approaches must transform problems into solutions by empowering local people. Successional agroforestry combining annual crops and trees may be a suitable transitional phase for restoration. The model must be designed collectively and include species of ecological, cultural, and socioeconomic value. In deprived communities of the Amazon, forest restoration must be a process that combines environmental and social gains.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo

          As matas ciliares fornecem serviços ecossistêmicos essenciais ao bem-estar humano. O Rio Pepital é a principal fonte de água de Alcântara (Brasil) e suas matas estão desaparecendo, afetando o volume e a distribuição de água na região. Promover a restauração da mata ciliar do Rio Pepital é crucial. Em regiões carentes, o sucesso da restauração depende da integração da ecologia, dos meios de vida e dos conhecimentos tradicionais. Neste trabalho se propõe uma abordagem interdisciplinar para desenhar estratégias de restauração com base em dados ecológicos, conhecimento tradicional e as necessidades sociais. A área de estudo tem uma complexa história de realocação humana e de posse da terra. Populações de sete comunidades que usam ou usaram o Rio Pepital foram entrevistadas para documentar sua subsistência e percepções sobre as mudanças ambientais (n = 79). Informações etnobotânicas sobre espécies florestais nativas e seus usos foram avaliados com especialistas-locais (n = 19). Remanescentes de florestas conservadas foram avaliados para levantar informações ecológicas das espécies arbóreas (três parcelas de 1.000 m 2). Os entrevistados mostraram um forte conhecimento empírico sobre os problemas ambientais do rio, suas causas, conseqüências e possíveis soluções. Foi encontrado um total de 24 espécies arbóreas (DAP > 10 cm) nas áreas de referência. A densidade de árvores média foi de 510 indivíduos por hectare (stdv = 91,6), sendo12 espécies consideradas as mais abundantes (densidade > 10ind/ha). Houve um alto consenso entre os especialistas locais sobre as espécies mais importantes da mata. As listas de espécies das áreas de referência e dos especialistas-locais apresentaram uma convergência importante. A agricultura de corte e queima é o principal meio de subsistência na bacia do Pepital e também a principal causa da degradação da mata ciliar. Para ter sucesso, a restauração deve transformar problemas em soluções, empoderando a população local. Dessa forma, os sistemas agroflorestais sucessionais combinando culturas anuais e árvores podem representar uma alternativa transitória para a restauração. O modelo deve ser construído coletivamente e incluir espécies de valores ecológicos, culturais e sócio-econômicos. Em comunidades carentes da Amazônia, a restauração florestal deve ser um processo que combina ganhos ambientais e sociais.

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          Most cited references16

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          Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: History, Rates, and Consequences

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            Amazonia revealed: forest degradation and loss of ecosystem goods and services in the Amazon Basin

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              Livelihoods, forests, and conservation in developing countries: An Overview

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
                J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
                Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
                BioMed Central
                1746-4269
                2014
                27 January 2014
                : 10
                : 11
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Amazonian Network for Biodiversity and Biotechnology Graduate Program (BIONORTE), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Universitário do Bacanga, Av. dos Portugueses, s/n, 65.000-000 São Luís, MA, Brazil
                [2 ]Agroecology Graduate Program, Maranhão State University (UEMA), Campus Universitário Paulo VI, s/n, Tirirical, 65.054-970 São Luís, MA, Brazil
                [3 ]São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Botucatu, College of Agricultural Science (FCA), R. Dr. José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, 18.610-307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
                [4 ]Amazonian Network for Biodiversity and Biotechnology Graduate Program (BIONORTE), State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Av. Santos Dumont, s/n, Cidade Universitária - Celbe, DNER, 78.200-000 Cáceres, MT, Brazil
                [5 ]Biodiversity and Conservation Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Campus do Bacanga, Av. dos Portugueses, s/n, 65.000-000 São Luís, MA, Brazil
                Article
                1746-4269-10-11
                10.1186/1746-4269-10-11
                4120938
                24468421
                c7bf6a73-716a-42b3-82de-5baae4010559
                Copyright © 2014 Celentano et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 22 October 2013
                : 20 December 2013
                Categories
                Research

                Health & Social care
                Health & Social care

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