The Risk of Cardiac Device-Related Infection in Bacteremic Patients Is Species Specific: Results of a 12-Year Prospective Cohort

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Abstract

Background

The species-specific risk of cardiac device-related infection (CDRI) among bacteremic patients is incompletely understood.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of hospitalized patients from October 2002 to December 2014 with a cardiac device (CD) and either Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) or Gram-negative bacteremia (GNB). Cardiac devices were defined as either prosthetic heart valves (PHVs), including valvular support rings, permanent pacemakers (PPMs)/automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (AICDs), or left ventricular assist devices (LVADs).

Results

During the study period, a total of 284 patients with ≥1 CD developed either SAB (n = 152 patients) or GNB (n = 132 patients). Among the 284 patients, 150 (52.8%) had PPMs/AICDs, 72 (25.4%) had PHVs, 4 (1.4%) had LVADs, and 58 (20.4%) had >1 device present. Overall, 54.6% of patients with SAB and 16.7% of patients with GNB met criteria for definite CDRI ( P < .0001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that 3 bacterial species were associated with an increased risk for CDRI: Staphylococcus aureus (odds ratio [OR] = 5.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.16–14.36), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR = 50.28; 95% CI, 4.16–606.93), and Serratia marcescens (OR = 7.75; 95% CI, 1.48–40.48).

Conclusions

Risk of CDRI among patients with bacteremia varies by species. Cardiac device-related infection risk is highest in patients with bacteremia due to S aureus, P aeruginosa, or S marcescens. By contrast, it is lower in patients with bacteremia due to other species of Gram-negative bacilli. Patients with a CD who develop bacteremia due to either P aeruginosa or S marcescens should be considered for diagnostic imaging to evaluate for the presence of CDRI.

Related collections

Most cited references 29

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Health care--associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections.

N. Friedman, Keith S. Kaye, Jason Stout … (2002)

Bloodstream infections occurring in persons residing in the community, regardless of whether those persons have been receiving health care in an outpatient facility, have traditionally been categorized as community-acquired infections. To develop a new classification scheme for bloodstream infections that distinguishes among community-acquired, health care-associated, and nosocomial infections. Prospective observational study. One academic medical center and two community hospitals. All adult patients admitted to the hospital with bloodstream infection. Demographic characteristics, living arrangements before hospitalization, comorbid medical conditions, factors predisposing to bloodstream infection, date of hospitalization, dates and number of positive blood cultures, results of microbiological susceptibility testing, dates of hospital discharge or death, and mortality rates at 3 to 6 months of follow-up. 504 patients with bloodstream infections were enrolled; 143 (28%) had community-acquired bloodstream infections, 186 (37%) had health care-associated bloodstream infections, and 175 (35%) had nosocomial bloodstream infections. Of the 186 patients with health care-associated bloodstream infection, 29 resided in a nursing home, 64 were receiving home health care, 78 were receiving intravenous or intravascular therapy at home or in a clinic, and 117 had been hospitalized in the 90 days before their bloodstream infection. Cancer was more common in patients with health care-associated or nosocomial bloodstream infection than in patients with community-acquired bloodstream infection. Intravascular devices were the most common source of health care-associated and nosocomial infections, and Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent pathogen in these types of infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus occurred with similar frequency in the groups with health care-associated infection (52%) and nosocomial infection (61%) but was uncommon in the group with community-acquired bloodstream infection (14%) (P = 0.001). Mortality rate at follow-up was greater in patients with health care-associated infection (29% versus 16%; P = 0.019) or nosocomial infection (37% versus 16%; P < 0.001) than in patients with community-acquired infection. Health care-associated bloodstream infections are similar to nosocomial infections in terms of frequency of various comorbid conditions, source of infection, pathogens and their susceptibility patterns, and mortality rate at follow-up. A separate category for health care-associated bloodstream infections is justified, and this new category will have obvious implications for choices about empirical therapy and infection-control surveillance.

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Microorganisms universally attach to surfaces and produce extracellular polysaccharides, resulting in the formation of a biofilm. Biofilms pose a serious problem for public health because of the increased resistance of biofilm-associated organisms to antimicrobial agents and the potential for these organisms to cause infections in patients with indwelling medical devices. An appreciation of the role of biofilms in infection should enhance the clinical decision-making process.

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Despite improvements in cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) design, application of timely infection control practices, and administration of antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of device placement, CIED infections continue to occur and can be life-threatening. This has prompted the study of all aspects of CIED infections. Recognizing the recent advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, management, and prevention of CIED infections, the American Heart Association commissioned this scientific statement to educate clinicians about CIED infections, provide explicit recommendations for the care of patients with suspected or established CIED infections, and highlight areas of needed research.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Open Forum Infect Dis

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Open Forum Infect Dis

Journal ID (publisher-id): ofid

Title: Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Publisher: Oxford University Press (US )

ISSN (Electronic): 2328-8957

Publication date Collection: Summer 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 21 June 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 21 June 2017

Volume: 4

Issue: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: ofx132

Affiliations

[1 ] Duke University, Division of Infectious Diseases , Durham, North Carolina;

[2 ] Duke Clinical Research Institute , Durham, North Carolina;

[3 ] National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Greece

Author notes

Correspondence: V. G. Fowler, MD, MHS, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 ( vance.fowler@ 123456duke.edu ).

Article

Publisher ID: ofx132

DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx132

PMC ID: 5570037

PubMed ID: 28852678

SO-VID: c39058a6-53bf-4b1b-af25-58ce5b545c4f

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

History

Date received : 23 May 2017

Date accepted : 20 June 2017

Page count

Pages: 7

Funding

Funded by: National Institutes of Health 10.13039/100000002

Award ID: 5T32-AI052080-12

Award ID: 2K24-AI093969

Award ID: 2R01-AI068804

Award ID: R01-HL119648

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The Risk of Cardiac Device-Related Infection in Bacteremic Patients Is Species Specific: Results of a 12-Year Prospective Cohort

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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Decoding Infection and Transmission

Most cited references 29

Health care--associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections.

Biofilm formation: a clinically relevant microbiological process.

Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

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Cited by 23

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