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      Deciphering the tRNA-derived small RNAs: origin, development, and future

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          Abstract

          Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a novel category of small noncoding RNAs, are enzymatically cleaved from tRNAs. Previous reports have shed some light on the roles of tsRNAs in the development of human diseases. However, our knowledge about tsRNAs is still relatively lacking. In this paper, we review the biogenesis, classification, subcellular localization as well as action mechanism of tsRNAs, and discuss the association between chemical modifications of tRNAs and the production and functions of tsRNAs. Furthermore, using immunity, metabolism, and malignancy as examples, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of tsRNAs in diseases and evaluate the potential of tsRNAs as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. At the same time, we compile and introduce several resource databases that are currently publicly available for analyzing tsRNAs. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with research in this field and future directions.

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          MicroRNA therapeutics: towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases

          Rajesha Rupaimoole, Frank J Slack (2017)
          MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can modulate mRNA expression. Insights into the roles of miRNAs in development and disease have led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that are based on miRNA mimics or agents that inhibit their functions (antimiRs), and the first such approaches have entered the clinic. This Review discusses the role of different miRNAs in cancer and other diseases, and provides an overview of current miRNA therapeutics in the clinic.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1409 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Functional Classification and Experimental Dissection of Long Noncoding RNAs

            Florian Kopp, Joshua Mendell (2018)
            Over the last decade, it has been increasingly demonstrated that the genomes of many species are pervasively transcribed, resulting in the production of numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). At the same time, it is now appreciated that many types of DNA regulatory elements, such as enhancers and promoters, regularly initiate bidirectional transcription. Thus, discerning functional noncoding transcripts from a vast transcriptome is a paramount priority, and challenge, for the lncRNA field. In this review, we aim to provide a conceptual and experimental framework for classifying and elucidating lncRNA function. We categorize lncRNA loci into those that regulate gene expression in cis versus those that perform functions in trans , and propose an experimental approach to dissect lncRNA activity based on these classifications. These strategies to further understand lncRNAs promise to reveal new and unanticipated biology, with great potential to advance our understanding of normal physiology and disease.
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              Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality.

              Melina Arnold, Mónica S Sierra, Mathieu Laversanne … (2016)
              The global burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) is expected to increase by 60% to more than 2.2 million new cases and 1.1 million deaths by 2030. In this study, we aim to describe the recent CRC incidence and mortality patterns and trends linking the findings to the prospects of reducing the burden through cancer prevention and care.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1249 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bowen Liu:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7891-1934
                liubowen309@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cell Death Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cell Death Dis
                Title: Cell Death & Disease
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2041-4889
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 December 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 December 2021
                Publication date Collection: January 2022
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 24
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412990.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1808 322X, Research Center for Molecular Oncology and Functional Nucleic Acids, School of Laboratory Medicine, , Xinxiang Medical University, ; 453003 Xinxiang, Henan PR China
                [2 ]GRID grid.14003.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2167 3675, Department of Medicine, , University of Wisconsin-Madison, ; Madison, WI 53705 USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.216938.7, ISNI 0000 0000 9878 7032, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, , Nankai University, ; 300071 Tianjin, PR China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7891-1934
                Article
                Publisher ID: 4472
                DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04472-3
                PMC ID: 8692627
                PubMed ID: 34934044
                SO-VID: bb94a51f-e0be-4a33-9a7f-654ad1a4ff24
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 14 September 2021
                Date revision received : 2 December 2021
                Date accepted : 10 December 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China);
                Award ID: 81902982
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Key Scientific and Technological Projects of Henan Province (Grant No.212102310179); 111 Project (Grant No. D20036)
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
                Keywords: oncogenes,non-coding rnas
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
                Keywords: oncogenes, non-coding rnas

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