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      Prevalence and correlates of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents

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          Abstract

          Background

          Studies investigating the prevalence of positive mental health and its correlates are still scarce compared to the studies on mental disorders, although there is growing interest of assessing positive mental health in adolescents. So far, no other study examining the prevalence and determinants of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents has been found. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents.

          Methods

          This cross-sectional study used a questionnaire including Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) and items regarding multiple aspects of adolescent life. The sample involved a total of 5399 students from grade 8 and 10 in Weifang, China. Multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between potential indicators regarding socio-economic situations, life style, social support and school life and positive mental health and calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

          Results

          More than half (57.4%) of the participants were diagnosed as flourishing. The correlated factors of positive mental health in regression models included gender, perceived family economy, the occurrence of sibling(s), satisfaction of self-appearance, physical activity, sleep quality, stress, social trust, desire to learn, support from teachers and parents as well as whether being bullied at school (OR ranging from 1.23 to 2.75). The Hosmer-Lemeshow p-value for the final regression model (0.45) indicated adequate model fit.

          Conclusion

          This study gives the first overview on prevalence and correlates of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents. The prevalence of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents is higher than reported in most of the previous studies also using MHC-SF. Our findings suggest that adolescents with advantageous socio-economic situations, life style, social support and school life are experiencing better positive mental health than others.

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          Most cited references54

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          Mental Illness and/or Mental Health? Investigating Axioms of the Complete State Model of Health.

          Corey Keyes (2005)
          A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence (i.e., flourishing) and the absence (i.e., languishing) of mental health were proposed and applied to the Midlife in the United States study data, a nationally representative sample of adults between the ages of 25 and 74 years (N = 3,032). Confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesis that measures of mental health (i.e., emotional, psychological, and social well-being) and mental illness (i.e., major depressive episode, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and alcohol dependence) constitute separate correlated unipolar dimensions. The categorical diagnosis yielded an estimate of 18.0% flourishing and, when cross-tabulated with the mental disorders, an estimate of 16.6% with complete mental health. Completely mentally healthy adults reported the fewest health limitations of activities of daily living, the fewest missed days of work, the fewest half-day work cutbacks, and the healthiest psychosocial functioning (low helplessness, clear life goals, high resilience, and high intimacy). (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved.
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            Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF).

            Sanne M A Lamers, Gerben J Westerhof, Ernst T Bohlmeijer … (2011)
            There is a growing consensus that mental health is not merely the absence of mental illness, but it also includes the presence of positive feelings (emotional well-being) and positive functioning in individual life (psychological well-being) and community life (social well-being). We examined the structure, reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), a new self-report questionnaire for positive mental health assessment. We expected that the MHC-SF is reliable and valid, and that mental health and mental illness are 2 related but distinct continua. This article draws on data of the LISS panel of CentERdata, a representative panel for Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (N = 1,662). Results revealed high internal and moderate test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the 3-factor structure in emotional, psychological, and social well-being. These subscales correlated well with corresponding aspects of well-being and functioning, showing convergent validity. CFA supported the hypothesis of 2 separate yet related factors for mental health and mental illness, showing discriminant validity. Although related to mental illness, positive mental health is a distinct indicator of mental well-being that is reliably assessed with the MHC-SF. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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              Evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) in setswana-speaking South Africans.

              Corey Keyes, Marie Louise Wissing, Johan P Potgieter … (2015)
              A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence of mental health, described as flourishing, and the absence of mental health, characterized as languishing, is applied to a random sample of 1050 Setswana-speaking adults in the Northwest province of South Africa. Factor analysis revealed that the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) replicated the three-factor structure of emotional, psychological and social well-being found in US samples. The internal reliability of the overall MHC-SF Scale was 0.74. The total score on the MHC-SF correlated 0.52 with a measure of positive affect, between 0.35 and 0.40 with measures of generalized self-efficacy and satisfaction with life, and between 0.30 and 0.35 with measures of coping strategies, sense of coherence, and community collective self-efficacy. The total score on the MHC-SF correlated -0.22 with the total score on the General Health Questionnaire. Criteria for the categorical diagnosis were applied, and findings revealed that 20% were flourishing, 67.8% were moderately mentally healthy, and 12.2% were languishing. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized two-continua model of mental health and mental illness found in the USA. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Cheng Guo:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7532-0824
                +46-739 857 693 , cheng.guo@ki.se
                Göran Tomson: goran.tomson@ki.se
                Christina Keller: christina.keller@ju.se
                Fredrik Söderqvist: fredrik.soderqvist@regionvastmanland.se
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Public Health
                Title: BMC Public Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2458
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 February 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 February 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 263
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0626, GRID grid.4714.6, Medical Management Centre, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, ; Stockholm, Sweden
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0626, GRID grid.4714.6, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, ; Stockholm, Sweden
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0414 7587, GRID grid.118888.0, International Business School, , Jönköping University, ; Jönköping, Sweden
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9457, GRID grid.8993.b, Center for Clinical Research, , Uppsala University, Västerås Hospital, ; Västerås, Sweden
                [5 ]Competence Center for Health, Region of Västmanland, Västerås Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7532-0824
                Article
                Publisher ID: 5133
                DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5133-2
                PMC ID: 5816379
                PubMed ID: 29454315
                SO-VID: b8043c78-9b7d-4bb6-972b-097df509bd5c
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 5 April 2017
                Date accepted : 31 January 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Weifang Medical University
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: positive mental health,chinese adolescents,prevalence,correlates,mental health continuum-short form (mhc-sf)
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: positive mental health, chinese adolescents, prevalence, correlates, mental health continuum-short form (mhc-sf)

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