Vermicompost application upregulates morpho-physiological and antioxidant defense to conferring drought tolerance in wheat

Shoots, roots, and seeds of corn (Zea mays L., cv. Michigan 500), oats (Avena sativa L., cv. Au Sable), and peas (Pisum sativum L., cv. Wando) were analyzed for their superoxide dismutase content using a photochemical assay system consisting of methionine, riboflavin, and p-nitro blue tetrazolium. The enzyme is present in the shoots, roots, and seeds of the three species. On a dry weight basis, shoots contain more enzyme than roots. In seeds, the enzyme is present in both the embryo and the storage tissue. Electrophoresis indicated a total of 10 distinct forms of the enzyme. Corn contained seven of these forms and oats three. Peas contained one of the corn and two of the oat enzymes. Nine of the enzyme activities were eliminated with cyanide treatment suggesting that they may be cupro-zinc enzymes, whereas one was cyanide-resistant and may be a manganese enzyme. Some of the leaf superoxide dismutases were found primarily in mitochondria or chloroplasts. Peroxidases at high concentrations interfere with the assay. In test tube assays of crude extracts from seedlings, the interference was negligible. On gels, however, peroxidases may account for two of the 10 superoxide dismutase forms.