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      Molecular investigation of Blastocystis sp. infections in wild rodents from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and Liaoning province, China: High prevalence and dominance of ST4 Translated title: Enquête moléculaire sur les infections à Blastocystis chez des rongeurs sauvages de la région autonome de Mongolie intérieure et de la province du Liaoning, Chine : forte prévalence et dominance du sous-type ST4

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      1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , * , , 1 , *
      Parasite
      EDP Sciences
      Blastocystis, Genotype, Wild rodent, Zoonotic, Public health, China

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          Abstract

          Wild rodents are key carriers of various human pathogens, including Blastocystis spp. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Blastocystis among wild rodents in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province of China. From November 2023 to February 2024, 486 rodents were captured in these regions. Fresh feces were collected from the intestines of each rodent for the isolation of DNA and PCR amplification of the vertebrate cytochrome b ( cytb) gene to identify rodent species. Subsequently, PCR analysis and sequencing of the partial small subunit of the ribosomal RNA ( rRNA) gene were utilized to detect Blastocystis in all fecal samples. Of the total samples, 27.4% (133/486) were found to be Blastocystis positive. The results revealed the presence of four species of rodents infected with Blastocystis, 32.3% (63/195) in Rattus norvegicus, 15.1% (16/106) in Mus musculus, 20.2% (18/89) in Apodemus agrarius, and 37.5% (36/96) in Cricetulus barabensis. Sequence analysis confirmed the existence of five Blastocystis subtypes: ST1 ( n = 4), ST2 ( n = 2), the ST4 ( n = 125, the dominant subtype), ST10 ( n = 1), and a novel ST ( n = 1). The identified zoonotic subtypes (ST1, ST2, ST4, and ST10) highlight the possible role played by wild rodents in the transmission of Blastocystis to humans, thereby elevating the chances of human infection. Meanwhile, the discovery of novel sequences also provides new insights into the genetic diversity of this parasite.

          Translated abstract

          Les rongeurs sauvages sont des vecteurs clés de divers agents pathogènes humains, dont Blastocystis spp. Notre étude visait à évaluer la prévalence et les caractéristiques génétiques de Blastocystis chez les rongeurs sauvages de la région autonome de Mongolie intérieure et de la province chinoise du Liaoning. De novembre 2023 à février 2024, 486 rongeurs ont été capturés dans ces régions. Des matières fécales fraîches ont été collectées dans les intestins de chaque rongeur pour l’isolement de l’ADN et l’amplification par PCR du gène du cytochrome b des vertébrés ( cytb) afin d’identifier les espèces de rongeurs. Par la suite, l’analyse PCR et le séquençage de la petite sous-unité partielle du gène de l’ARN ribosomal (ARNr) ont été utilisés pour détecter les Blastocystis dans tous les échantillons fécaux. Sur le total des échantillons, 27.4% (133/486) présentaient un résultat positif à Blastocystis. Les résultats ont révélé la présence de quatre espèces de rongeurs infectées par Blastocystis, 32.3% (63/195) chez Rattus norvegicus, 15.1% (16/106) chez Mus musculus, 20.2% (18/89) chez Apodemus agrarius et 37.5% (36/96) chez Cricetulus barabensis. L’analyse de séquence a confirmé l’existence de cinq sous-types de Blastocystis : ST1 ( n = 4), ST2 ( n = 2), ST4 ( n = 125, le sous-type dominant), ST10 ( n = 1) et un nouveau ST ( n = 1). Les sous-types zoonotiques identifiés (ST1, ST2, ST4 et ST10) mettent en évidence le rôle possible joué par les rongeurs sauvages dans la transmission de Blastocystis à l’Homme, augmentant ainsi les risques d’infection humaine. Parallèlement, la découverte de nouvelles séquences fournit également de nouvelles informations sur la diversité génétique de ce parasite.

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          Most cited references34

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          Pre-empting Pandora’s Box: Blastocystis Subtypes Revisited

          Blastocystis is a genetically diverse intestinal protist colonizing both human and non-human hosts. By 2013, 17 subtypes had been acknowledged. Since then, nine more subtypes have been proposed. We argue that several recently proposed subtypes are invalid. We also revisit recommendations regarding the requirements for annotating sequences as new subtypes.
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            Development of a new PCR protocol to detect and subtype Blastocystis spp. from humans and animals.

            Blastocystis spp. is commonly found in the feces of humans worldwide. Infection has been reported as asymptomatic, acute symptomatic, and chronic symptomatic. This wide range of responses to infection could be related to the genetic diversity of morphologically indistinguishable specimens obtained from infected hosts. The former name Blastocystis hominis is now reported as Blastocystis spp. because of its genetic diversity. Blastocystis is recognized as a complex of subtypes that have not been fully characterized as independent species. The finding of Blastocystis spp. in feces from several animal species suggests a zoonotic potential. Based on conserved regions of published nucleotide SSU rDNA sequences from all Blastocystis subtypes found in GenBank, a PCR and sequencing protocol was developed. The ~500 bp SSU rDNA gene fragment amplified by this PCR is highly sensitive compared with published primers and contains highly variable regions that allow phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis. These primers were used to detect and subtype Blastocystis spp. specimens from naturally infected humans, primates, cattle, pigs, and chickens. Based on these findings, application of this method can elucidate the complexity of this heterogeneous genus and its role in human and animal disease, as well as its zoonotic potential.
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              Blastocystis in domesticated and wild mammals and birds

              Blastocystis is a ubiquitous parasite that infects a broad range of vertebrate hosts including humans and domestic and wild animals. While human infections have been occasionally associated with gastrointestinal illnesses and/or urticaria, animal infections are not usually associated with disease. However, from a public health perspective, most subtypes isolated in humans have also been isolated from animals raising the question of the importance of animal reservoirs in the epidemiology of this parasite. The identification of Blastocystis in water supplies suggests water can be a potential vehicle in the transmission of this parasite not only for humans but also for animals. In addition, Blastocystis has been detected in retail fresh produce. Knowledge of this parasite has greatly expanded in the last two decades from simple microscopic observations to the application of molecular tools to explore Blastocystis taxonomy and epidemiology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Blastocystis in animals highlighting the subtype diversity of this widespread and genetically diverse parasite in different animal groups. This information will be useful in understanding the current status of taxonomy, epidemiology, zoonotic potential, and public health importance of Blastocystis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2024
                21 June 2024
                : 31
                : 33
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Public Health and Laboratory Medicine, Yiyang Medical College Yiyang 413002 China
                [2 ] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325035 China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors: hayidazhaowei@ 123456163.com (Wei Zhao); 99561790@ 123456qq.com (Fansheng Zeng)
                Article
                parasite240053 10.1051/parasite/2024031
                10.1051/parasite/2024031
                11195528
                38912917
                b323bfd6-1d6c-40c9-87a6-8dc022127f04
                © L. Liu et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2024

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 March 2024
                : 24 May 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation Committee
                Award ID: Number: 2022JJ50286
                Funded by: the Basic scientific research project of Wenzhou
                Award ID: (Y2023070)
                Categories
                Research Article

                blastocystis,genotype,wild rodent,zoonotic,public health,china
                blastocystis, genotype, wild rodent, zoonotic, public health, china

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