Dynamics of Pathological and Virological Findings During Experimental Calpox Virus Infection of Common Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus )

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Abstract

Experimental intranasal infection of marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) with calpox virus results in fatal disease. Route and dose used for viral inoculation of the test animals mimics the natural transmission of smallpox, thus representing a suitable model to study pathogenesis and to evaluate new vaccines against orthopoxvirus infection. However, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to death are still unclear. Therefore, our study aimed at investigating the kinetics of pathological alterations to clarify the pathogenesis in calpox virus infection. Following intranasal inoculation with two different viral doses, common marmosets were sacrificed on days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 12 post inoculation. Collected tissue was screened using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and virological assays. Our data suggest that primary replication took place in nasal and bronchial epithelia followed by secondary replication in submandibular lymph nodes and spleen. Parallel to viremia at day 7, virus was detectable in many organs, mainly located in epithelial cells and macrophages, as well as in endothelial cells. Based on the onset of clinical signs, the histological and ultrastructural lesions and the immunohistochemical distribution pattern of the virus, the incubation period was defined to last 11 days, which resembles human smallpox. In conclusion, the data indicate that the calpox model is highly suitable for studying orthopoxvirus-induced disease.

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Sandra Essbauer, Martin Pfeffer, Hermann Meyer (2009)

Poxviruses compromise a group of long known important pathogens including some zoonotic members affecting lifestock animals and humans. While whole genome sequence analysis started to shed light into the molecular mechanisms underlying host cell infection, viral replication as well as virulence, our understanding of poxvirus maintenance in nature and their transmission to humans is still poor. During the last two decades, reports on emerging human monkeypox outbreaks in Africa and North America, the increasing number of cowpox virus infections in cats, exotic animals and humans and cases of vaccinia virus infections in humans in South America and India reminded us that – beside the eradicated smallpox virus – there are other poxviruses that can cause harm to men. We start to learn that the host range of some poxviruses is way broader than initially thought and that mainly rodents seem to function as virus reservoir. The following review is aiming to provide an up-to-date overview on the epidemiology of zoonotic poxviruses, emphasizing orthopoxviruses. By outlining the current knowledge of poxvirus transmission, we hope to raise the awareness about modes of acquisition of infections and their proper diagnosis.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Viruses

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Viruses

Journal ID (publisher-id): viruses

Title: Viruses

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1999-4915

Publication date (Electronic): 28 November 2017

Publication date Collection: December 2017

Volume: 9

Issue: 12

Electronic Location Identifier: 363

Affiliations

[1 ]Pathology Unit, German Primate Center (DPZ), Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Anne.Schmitt@ 123456bfr.bund.de (A.S.); fkaup@ 123456gwdg.de (F.-J.K.)

[2 ]Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center (DPZ), Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; LGan@ 123456dpz.eu (L.L.G.); qinqin99413@ 123456googlemail.com (T.S.); stahlh@ 123456dpz.eu (C.S.-H.)

[3 ]Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; abdelwahed@ 123456gwdg.de

[4 ]Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS1), Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; EllerbrokH@ 123456rki.de

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: kmaetz@ 123456dpz.eu ; Tel.: +49-551-3851-386; Fax: +49-551-3851-442

[†]

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Article

Publisher ID: viruses-09-00363

DOI: 10.3390/v9120363

PMC ID: 5744138

PubMed ID: 29182537

SO-VID: adfeeae5-145c-4a70-a328-c7f296c25caf

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).