Zinc Oxide Nanostructures for NO 2  Gas–Sensor Applications: A Review

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Abstract

Because of the interesting and multifunctional properties, recently, ZnO nanostructures are considered as excellent material for fabrication of highly sensitive and selective gas sensors. Thus, ZnO nanomaterials are widely used to fabricate efficient gas sensors for the detection of various hazardous and toxic gases. The presented review article is focusing on the recent developments of NO ₂ gas sensors based on ZnO nanomaterials. The review presents the general introduction of some metal oxide nanomaterials for gas sensing application and finally focusing on the structure of ZnO and its gas sensing mechanisms. Basic gas sensing characteristics such as gas response, response time, recovery time, selectivity, detection limit, stability and recyclability, etc are also discussed in this article. Further, the utilization of various ZnO nanomaterials such as nanorods, nanowires, nano-micro flowers, quantum dots, thin films and nanosheets, etc for the fabrication of NO ₂ gas sensors are also presented. Moreover, various factors such as NO ₂ concentrations, annealing temperature, ZnO morphologies and particle sizes, relative humidity, operating temperatures which are affecting the NO ₂ gas sensing properties are discussed in this review. Finally, the review article is concluded and future directions are presented.

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Metal Oxide Gas Sensors: Sensitivity and Influencing Factors

Chengxiang Wang, Longwei Yin, Luyuan Zhang … (2010)

Conductometric semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors have been widely used and investigated in the detection of gases. Investigations have indicated that the gas sensing process is strongly related to surface reactions, so one of the important parameters of gas sensors, the sensitivity of the metal oxide based materials, will change with the factors influencing the surface reactions, such as chemical components, surface-modification and microstructures of sensing layers, temperature and humidity. In this brief review, attention will be focused on changes of sensitivity of conductometric semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors due to the five factors mentioned above.

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Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni.

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The antibacterial effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on Campylobacter jejuni was investigated for inhibition and inactivation of cell growth. The results showed that C. jejuni was extremely sensitive to treatment with ZnO nanoparticles. The MIC of ZnO nanoparticles for C. jejuni was determined to be 0.05 to 0.025 mg/ml, which is 8- to 16-fold lower than that for Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (0.4 mg/ml). The action of ZnO nanoparticles against C. jejuni was determined to be bactericidal, not bacteriostatic. Scanning electron microscopy examination revealed that the majority of the cells transformed from spiral shapes into coccoid forms after exposure to 0.5 mg/ml of ZnO nanoparticles for 16 h, which is consistent with the morphological changes of C. jejuni under other stress conditions. These coccoid cells were found by ethidium monoazide-quantitative PCR (EMA-qPCR) to have a certain level of membrane leakage. To address the molecular basis of ZnO nanoparticle action, a large set of genes involved in cell stress response, motility, pathogenesis, and toxin production were selected for a gene expression study. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that in response to treatment with ZnO nanoparticles, the expression levels of two oxidative stress genes (katA and ahpC) and a general stress response gene (dnaK) were increased 52-, 7-, and 17-fold, respectively. These results suggest that the antibacterial mechanism of ZnO nanoparticles is most likely due to disruption of the cell membrane and oxidative stress in Campylobacter.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ahmad Umar: ahmadumar786@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanomicro Lett

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanomicro Lett

Title: Nano-Micro Letters

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 2311-6706

ISSN (Electronic): 2150-5551

Publication date (Electronic): 16 December 2014

Publication date PMC-release: 16 December 2014

Publication date (Print): 2015

Volume: 7

Issue: 2

Pages: 97-120

Affiliations

[1 ]PG Department of Chemistry, JCDAV College, Dasuya, 144 205 Punjab India

[2 ]GRID grid.56302.32, ISNI 0000000417735396, Department of Physics, , King Saud University, ; Riyadh, 11442 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

[3 ]GRID grid.440757.5, ISNI 0000000404110012, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, , Najran University, ; P.O. Box 1988, Najran, 11001 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

[4 ]GRID grid.440757.5, ISNI 0000000404110012, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), , Najran University, ; P.O. Box 1988, Najran, 11001 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Article

Publisher ID: 23

DOI: 10.1007/s40820-014-0023-3

PMC ID: 6223925

SO-VID: a397da20-c483-4a14-b8f4-77c040a20a88

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.