Role of Green Macroalgae  Enteromorpha Prolifera  Polyphenols in the Modulation of Gene Expression and Intestinal Microflora Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

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Abstract

Effects of green macroalgae 55% ethanolic extract Enteromorpha prolifera through an ultrafiltration membrane of 3 kDa (EPE3k) on antidiabetic activity, gut microbiota, and regulation mechanism were investigated in high-fat/high-sucrose diet and streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. The structural characterizations of its major compounds in EPE3k were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the intestinal microflora modulation in diabetic mice was also investigated with high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The proposed presence of polyphenols in EPE3k was confirmed. EPE3k could significantly decrease the fasting blood glucose and improve fasting glucose tolerance. The hypoglycemic effect of EPE3k was via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and suppression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in liver. EPE3k treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia and decreased the proportion of Alistipes and Turicibacter. The above results indicated that EPE3k could be provided as a new potential therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetic mellitus.

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Most cited references 19

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Antioxidant Activity of Marine Algal Polyphenolic Compounds: A Mechanistic Approach.

I. Fernando, Misook Kim, Kwang-Tae Son … (2016)

Polyphenolic compounds isolated from marine algae exhibit a broad spectrum of beneficial biological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities, along with several other bioactivities centered on their antioxidant properties. Consequently, polyphenolic compounds are increasingly being investigated for their potential use in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. The antioxidant activities of these compounds have been explored widely through experimental studies. Nonetheless, a theoretical understanding of the structural and electronic properties could broaden research perspectives, leading to the identification and synthesis of efficient structural analogs with prophylactic uses. This review briefly summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding antioxidant polyphenolic compounds in marine algae with an attempt to describe the structure-activity relationship.

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JNK pathway: diseases and therapeutic potential.

Yong Zhang, Heng Xu, Hao-Jie Cui … (2007)

c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK), also known as stress-activated protein kinases, were originally identified by their ability to phosphorylate the N-terminal of the transcription factor c-Jun and by their activation in response to a variety of stresses. JNK are multifunctional kinases involved in many physiological processes. The JNK pathway has been shown to play a major role in apoptosis in many cell death paradigms and its association with a variety of pathological processes is gradually been recognized. This review will concentrate on describing the involvement of the JNK pathway in the context of different diseases and the potential to adopt the JNK pathway components as therapeutic targets.

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GLUT4 is reduced in slow muscle fibers of type 2 diabetic patients: is insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes a slow, type 1 fiber disease?

M Gaster, A Handberg, H. Beck … (2001)

To gain further insight into the mechanisms underlying muscle insulin resistance, the influence of obesity and type 2 diabetes on GLUT4 immunoreactivity in slow and fast skeletal muscle fibers was studied. Through a newly developed, very sensitive method using immunohistochemistry combined with morphometry, GLUT4 density was found to be significantly higher in slow compared with fast fibers in biopsy specimens from lean and obese subjects. In contrast, in type 2 diabetic subjects, GLUT4 density was significantly lower in slow compared with fast fibers. GLUT4 density in slow fibers from diabetic patients was reduced by 9% compared with the weight-matched obese subjects and by 18% compared with the lean control group. The slow-fiber fraction was reduced to 86% in the obese subjects and to 75% in the diabetic subjects compared with the control group. Estimated GLUT4 contribution from slow fibers was reduced to 77% in the obese subjects and to 61% in type 2 diabetic patients compared with the control subjects. We propose that a reduction in the fraction of slow-twitch fibers, combined with a reduction in GLUT4 expression in slow fibers, may reduce the insulin-sensitive GLUT4 pool in type 2 diabetes and thus contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms

Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067

Publication date (Electronic): 21 December 2018

Publication date Collection: January 2019

Volume: 20

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 25

Affiliations

[1 ]College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; tkmcrxwn@ 123456gmail.com (G.L.); yanxin18ch@ 123456gmail.com (X.Y.); LiuDan379@ 123456163.com (D.L.); binliu618@ 123456163.com (B.L.)

[2 ]College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; liuxiaoyan8112@ 123456163.com (X.L.); cfyang07@ 123456cau.edu.cn (C.Y.)

[3 ]Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; zjhyfang@ 123456163.com

[4 ]Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: zhchao@ 123456live.cn ; Tel.: +86-591-83530197

[†]

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Author information

Xiaoyan Liu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2662-085X

Chao Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1096-632X

Article

Publisher ID: ijms-20-00025

DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010025

PMC ID: 6337142

PubMed ID: 30577594

SO-VID: 9fad521a-8b9d-4ffd-a35e-1f21344cb5ab

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Role of Green Macroalgae Enteromorpha Prolifera Polyphenols in the Modulation of Gene Expression and Intestinal Microflora Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

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Higher order chromatin architecture

Most cited references 19

Antioxidant Activity of Marine Algal Polyphenolic Compounds: A Mechanistic Approach.

JNK pathway: diseases and therapeutic potential.

GLUT4 is reduced in slow muscle fibers of type 2 diabetic patients: is insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes a slow, type 1 fiber disease?

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