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      Descripción de las alteraciones cardiacas por ecocardiografía de los pacientes con acromegalia Translated title: Description of cardiac disorders by echocardiography in patients with acromegaly

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: describir las alteraciones ecocardiográficas de los pacientes con acromegalia del Servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital de San José. Metodología: serie de casos de pacientes que asistieron a la clínica de acromegalia del servicio. Se hizo una descripción de las características clínicas relacionadas con la patología de base y sus comorbilidades. El compromiso cardiaco se documentó mediante la toma de electrocardiograma, evaluando arritmias y la evaluación del QT prolongado. El estudio por ecocardiografía transtorácica identificó la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda, la disfunción valvular, hipertensión pulmonar y el trastorno segmentario de la motilidad ventricular. Resultados: se obtuvo información de 26 pacientes, 69% sexo femenino, 61% mayores de 50 años, con una mediana de evolución de la enfermedad de cinco años. El 92% presentaba macroadenoma, la mayoría de ellos llevados a cirugía. En 21 reportes ecocardiográficos se identificó que 61% de pacientes tenía FEVI mayor a 60% y ninguno de ellos presentó FEVI menor a 45%; 38% de pacientes presentaba hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. La disfunción diastólica fue reportada en 21%, insuficiencia mitral leve en 14%, estenosis aórtica leve en 4%. Se realizaron 24 electrocardiogramas todos con evidencia de ritmo sinusal, extrasístoles ventriculares en 12.5%, sin prolongación del intervalo QT. Conclusión: no se detectó compromiso en la fracción de eyección ni trastornos de motilidad y hubo una baja frecuencia de disfunción diastólica; la hipertrofia ventricular y las alteraciones valvulares fueron menos frecuentes a lo reportado en la literatura y se documentaron extrasístoles ventriculares como única alteración electrocardiográfica. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 30-35).

          Translated abstract

          Objective: to describe echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with acromegaly in the Hospital San José, Endocrinology Service. Methodology: case series of patients who attended the service acromegaly clinic. A description of the clinical features related to the underlying disease and its comorbidities was made. Cardiac involvement was documented by electrocardiogram, evaluating arrhythmias and prolonged QT. The study by transthoracic echocardiography identified left ventricular ejection fraction, valve dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension and ventricular segmental motility disorder. Results: data of 26 patients was obtained. 69% female, 61% over 50 years, with a median disease progression of five years. 92% showed macroadenoma and most of them underwent surgery. In 21 echocardiographic reports 61% of patients had LVEF greater than 60% and none had LVEF less than 45%; 38% of patients had left ventricular hypertrophy. Diastolic dysfunction was reported in 21%, mild mitral insufficiency in 14%, mild aortic stenosis in 4%. 24 electrocardiograms were performed, all with evidence of sinus rhythm, premature ventricular contractions in 12.5% without QT prolongation. Conclusion: no compromise on ejection fraction or motility disorders were detected and there was a low frequency of diastolic dysfunction; ventricular hypertrophy and valvular abnormalities were less frequent than that reported in the literature and ventricular premature beats as a single electrocardiographic abnormality were documented. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 30-35).

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          Pulmonary arterial hypertension

          Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and progressive disease leading to right heart failure and ultimately death if untreated. The first classification of PH was proposed in 1973. In 2008, the fourth World Symposium on PH held in Dana Point (California, USA) revised previous classifications. Currently, PH is devided into five subgroups. Group 1 includes patients suffering from idiopathic or familial PAH with or without germline mutations. Patients with a diagnosis of PAH should systematically been screened regarding to underlying mutations of BMPR2 gene (bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2) or more rarely of ACVRL1 (activine receptor-like kinase type 1), ENG (endogline) or Smad8 genes. Pulmonary veno occusive disease and pulmonary capillary hemagiomatosis are individualized and designated as clinical group 1'. Group 2 'Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases' is divided into three sub-groups: systolic dysfonction, diastolic dysfonction and valvular dysfonction. Group 3 'Pulmonary hypertension due to respiratory diseases' includes a heterogenous subgroup of respiratory diseases like PH due to pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, lung emphysema or interstitial lung disease for exemple. Group 4 includes chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension without any distinction of proximal or distal forms. Group 5 regroup PH patients with unclear multifactorial mechanisms. Invasive hemodynamic assessment with right heart catheterization is requested to confirm the definite diagnosis of PH showing a resting mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of ≥ 25 mmHg and a normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) of ≤ 15 mmHg. The assessment of PCWP may allow the distinction between pre-capillary and post-capillary PH (PCWP > 15 mmHg). Echocardiography is an important tool in the management of patients with underlying suspicion of PH. The European Society of Cardiology and the European Respiratory Society (ESC-ERS) guidelines specify its role, essentially in the screening proposing criteria for estimating the presence of PH mainly based on tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity and systolic artery pressure (sPAP). The therapy of PAH consists of non-specific drugs including oral anticoagulation and diuretics as well as PAH specific therapy. Diuretics are one of the most important treatment in the setting of PH because right heart failure leads to fluid retention, hepatic congestion, ascites and peripheral edema. Current recommendations propose oral anticoagulation aiming for targeting an International Normalized Ratio (INR) between 1.5-2.5. Target INR for patients displaying chronic thromboembolic PH is between 2–3. Better understanding in pathophysiological mechanisms of PH over the past quarter of a century has led to the development of medical therapeutics, even though no cure for PAH exists. Several specific therapeutic agents were developed for the medical management of PAH including prostanoids (epoprostenol, trepoprostenil, iloprost), endothelin receptor antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan) and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil). This review discusses the current state of art regarding to epidemiologic aspects of PH, diagnostic approaches and the current classification of PH. In addition, currently available specific PAH therapy is discussed as well as future treatments.
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            American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acromegaly-2011 Update

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              Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Acromegaly

              Acromegaly and gigantism are due to excess GH production, usually as a result of a pituitary adenoma. The incidence of acromegaly is 5 cases per million per year and the prevalence is 60 cases per million. Clinical manifestations in each patient depend on the levels of GH and IGF-I, age, tumor size, and the delay in diagnosis. Manifestations of acromegaly are varied and include acral and soft tissue overgrowth, joint pain, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart and respiratory failure. Acromegaly is a disabling disease that is associated with increased morbidity and reduced life expectancy. The diagnosis is based primarily on clinical features and confirmed by measuring GH levels after oral glucose loading and the estimation of IGF-I. It has been suggested that the rate of mortality in patients with acromegaly is correlated with the degree of control of GH. Adequately treated, the relative mortality risk can be markedly reduced towards normal.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                amc
                Acta Medica Colombiana
                Acta Med Colomb
                Asociacion Colombiana de Medicina Interna (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0120-2448
                January 2015
                : 40
                : 1
                : 30-35
                Affiliations
                [02] Bogotá D.C orgnameHospital de San José Colombia mtapiero@ 123456fucsalud.edu.co
                [01] Bogotá D.C orgnameFundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS) orgdiv1Hospital de San José orgdiv2Servicio de Endocrinología Colombia
                Article
                S0120-24482015000100007 S0120-2448(15)04000107
                9be6a283-df8c-4958-883e-512e44d7fe42

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 November 2013
                : 03 June 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Trabajos originales

                ecocardiografía,acromegaly,growth hormone,cardiovascular disease,acromegalic heart disease,echocardiography,acromegalia,hormona de crecimiento,enfermedad cardiovascular,cardiopatía acromegálica

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