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      First true brackish-water nudibranch mollusc provides new insights for phylogeny and biogeography and reveals paedomorphosis-driven evolution

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          Abstract

          A unique example of brackish water fjord-related diversification of a new nudibranch genus and species Bohuslania matsmichaeli gen. n., sp. n. is presented. There are only few previously known brackish-water opisthobranchs and B. matsmichaeli gen. n., sp. n. is the first ever described brackish-water nudibranch with such an extremely limited known geographical range and apparently strict adherence to salinity levels lower than 20 per mille. Up to date the new taxon has been found only in a very restricted area in the Idefjord, bordering Sweden and Norway, but not in any other apparently suitable localities along the Swedish and Norwegian coasts. We also show in this study for the first time the molecular phylogenetic sister relationship between the newly discovered genus Bohuslania and the genus Cuthona. This supports the validity of the family Cuthonidae, which was re-established recently. Furthermore, it contributes to the understanding of the evolutionary patterns and classification of the whole group Nudibranchia. Molecular and morphological data indicate that brackish water speciation was triggered by paedomorphic evolution among aeolidacean nudibranchs at least two times independently. Thus, the present discovery of this new nudibranch genus contributes to several biological fields, including integration of molecular and morphological data as well as phylogenetic and biogeographical patterns.

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          Most cited references70

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          Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data.

          The recent development of Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques has facilitated the exploration of parameter-rich evolutionary models. At the same time, stochastic models have become more realistic (and complex) and have been extended to new types of data, such as morphology. Based on this foundation, we developed a Bayesian MCMC approach to the analysis of combined data sets and explored its utility in inferring relationships among gall wasps based on data from morphology and four genes (nuclear and mitochondrial, ribosomal and protein coding). Examined models range in complexity from those recognizing only a morphological and a molecular partition to those having complex substitution models with independent parameters for each gene. Bayesian MCMC analysis deals efficiently with complex models: convergence occurs faster and more predictably for complex models, mixing is adequate for all parameters even under very complex models, and the parameter update cycle is virtually unaffected by model partitioning across sites. Morphology contributed only 5% of the characters in the data set but nevertheless influenced the combined-data tree, supporting the utility of morphological data in multigene analyses. We used Bayesian criteria (Bayes factors) to show that process heterogeneity across data partitions is a significant model component, although not as important as among-site rate variation. More complex evolutionary models are associated with more topological uncertainty and less conflict between morphology and molecules. Bayes factors sometimes favor simpler models over considerably more parameter-rich models, but the best model overall is also the most complex and Bayes factors do not support exclusion of apparently weak parameters from this model. Thus, Bayes factors appear to be useful for selecting among complex models, but it is still unclear whether their use strikes a reasonable balance between model complexity and error in parameter estimates.
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            Histone H3 and U2 snRNA DNA sequences and arthropod molecular evolution

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              Marine natural products.

              This review covers the literature published in 2013 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 982 citations (644 for the period January to December 2013) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1163 for 2013), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                14 March 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 3
                : e0192177
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
                [2 ] Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
                [3 ] Gothenburg Natural History museum, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [4 ] Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [5 ] Aquatilis, Nostravägen 11, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [6 ] National Museums Northern Ireland, Cultra, United Kingdom
                Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, FRANCE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-7812
                Article
                PONE-D-17-34454
                10.1371/journal.pone.0192177
                5851531
                29538398
                9a568f0f-db29-4914-8c90-c0602fbc5c3d
                © 2018 Korshunova et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 22 September 2017
                : 16 January 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Pages: 20
                Funding
                Funded by: research project of MSU Zoological Museum
                Award ID: AAAA-A16-116021660077-3
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006769, Russian Science Foundation;
                Award ID: 14-50-00029
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by research project of Moscow State University Zoological Museum (AAAA-A16-116021660077-3, depository of specimens), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant # 17-04-01827 А, and The Russian Science Foundation (grant 14-50-00029, collecting of specimens, morphological & molecular study), http://rscf.ru/en.
                Categories
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                Evolutionary Systematics
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                Evolutionary Biology
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