Influenza vaccination and prevention of antimicrobial resistance

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Abstract

Abuse and misuse of available antimicrobial drugs have increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with relevant adverse health and economic impacts. Several factors suggest that the influenza vaccine is a possible effective measure to control AMR through a significant reduction in antibiotic consumption. In this paper, aspects related will be discussed.

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Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions.

Ramanan Laxminarayan, Adriano Duse, Chand Wattal … (2013)

The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus.

Jonathan A. McCullers (2006)

Bacterial infections following influenza are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Based on the historical importance of pneumonia as a cause of death during pandemic influenza, the increasingly likely possibility that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses will trigger the next worldwide pandemic underscores the need to understand the multiple mechanisms underlying the interaction between influenza virus and bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. There is ample evidence to support the historical view that influenza virus alters the lungs in a way that predisposes to adherence, invasion, and induction of disease by pneumococcus. Access to receptors is a key factor and may be facilitated by the virus through epithelial damage, by exposure or up-regulation of receptors, or by provoking the epithelial regeneration response to cytotoxic damage. More recent data indicate that alteration of the immune response by diminishing the ability of the host to clear pneumococcus or by amplification of the inflammatory cascade is another key factor. Identification and exploration of the underlying mechanisms responsible for this synergism will provide targets for prevention and treatment using drugs and vaccines.

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Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria.

Fred Tenover (2006)

The treatment of bacterial infections is increasingly complicated by the ability of bacteria to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial agents are often categorized according to their principal mechanism of action. Mechanisms include interference with cell wall synthesis (e.g., beta-lactams and glycopeptide agents), inhibition of protein synthesis (macrolides and tetracyclines), interference with nucleic acid synthesis (fluoroquinolones and rifampin), inhibition of a metabolic pathway (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), and disruption of bacterial membrane structure (polymyxins and daptomycin). Bacteria may be intrinsically resistant to > or =1 class of antimicrobial agents, or may acquire resistance by de novo mutation or via the acquisition of resistance genes from other organisms. Acquired resistance genes may enable a bacterium to produce enzymes that destroy the antibacterial drug, to express efflux systems that prevent the drug from reaching its intracellular target, to modify the drug's target site, or to produce an alternative metabolic pathway that bypasses the action of the drug. Acquisition of new genetic material by antimicrobial-susceptible bacteria from resistant strains of bacteria may occur through conjugation, transformation, or transduction, with transposons often facilitating the incorporation of the multiple resistance genes into the host's genome or plasmids. Use of antibacterial agents creates selective pressure for the emergence of resistant strains. Herein 3 case histories-one involving Escherichia coli resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, another focusing on the emergence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and a third detailing multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa--are reviewed to illustrate the varied ways in which resistant bacteria develop.

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Author and article information

Journal

Title: Expert Review of Vaccines

Abbreviated Title: Expert Review of Vaccines

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

ISSN (Print): 1476-0584

ISSN (Electronic): 1744-8395

Publication date Created: October 2018

Publication date Created: October 03 2018

Publication date (Electronic): October 12 2018

Publication date (Print): October 03 2018

Volume: 17

Issue: 10

Pages: 881-888

Affiliations

[1 ] Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy

[2 ] Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Article

DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1525298

PubMed ID: 30259755

SO-VID: 9872fe56-4367-4fb0-807b-09e395ce3df5

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Influenza vaccination and prevention of antimicrobial resistance

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Abstract

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Tobacco Prevention & Cessation

Most cited references 78

Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions.

Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus.

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria.

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