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      ¿Convivencia escolar y mercado educativo? Un análisis comparativo entre apoderados y estudiantes Translated title: School coexistence and educational market? A comparative analysis between proxies and students

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          Abstract

          Resumen En Chile, en 2011, se establecieron ocho indicadores de calidad educativa como respuesta a las fallas del sistema de educación instalado en los años ochenta. Estudios recientes plantean dificultades en la medición de uno de estos indicadores, el de clima de convivencia escolar, lo que afecta su comprensión dentro de las comunidades escolares. Este estudio se propuso abordar las percepciones de estudiantes y apoderados respecto a este indicador para las cohortes 2014-2018, y comparar los indicadores de estudiantes y apoderados según el tipo de escuela y cohorte. Para el análisis secundario se utilizó el ANOVA. Los resultados muestran diferencias en las percepciones entre apoderados y estudiantes, y diferencias significativas en las percepciones de apoderados conforme al tipo de escuela. Las percepciones de apoderados pueden explicarse mediante elementos socioculturales favorecidos por el mercado educativo chileno. En contraposición, la percepción de estudiantes parece vincularse a la propia experiencia escolar. Se concluye que la evaluación de la convivencia escolar en Chile debe avanzar hacia una evaluación diferenciada por actor educativo, y se cuestiona la construcción del indicador de clima de convivencia escolar, pues responde más a un mercado educativo que a la mejora de la calidad educativa.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract In Chile, in 2011, eight quality indicators were installed, which emerged as one of the responses to the failures of the educational system installed since the 1980s. One of these indicators is the “Climate of school coexistence”. Recent studies have raised difficulties in its measurement, which may affect its understanding within school communities. This study aimed to analyze the perceptions of students and parents regarding this indicator for the 2014-2018 cohorts, and compare the indicators of students and parents according to the type of school and cohort. A secondary analysis was performed using ANOVA. The results show differences in perceptions between parents and students; and significant differences in the perceptions of parents according to the type of school. The perceptions of parents can be explained by sociocultural elements, which have been favored by the Chilean educational market. In contrast, students’ perceptions seem to be linked to their own school experience. It is concluded that the evaluation of school coexistence should advance to an evaluation differentiated by educational actor. The construction of the indicator “Climate of school coexistence” used in Chile is questioned because it responds more to an educational market than to the improvement of educational quality.

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          What is the proper way to apply the multiple comparison test?

          Multiple comparisons tests (MCTs) are performed several times on the mean of experimental conditions. When the null hypothesis is rejected in a validation, MCTs are performed when certain experimental conditions have a statistically significant mean difference or there is a specific aspect between the group means. A problem occurs if the error rate increases while multiple hypothesis tests are performed simultaneously. Consequently, in an MCT, it is necessary to control the error rate to an appropriate level. In this paper, we discuss how to test multiple hypotheses simultaneously while limiting type I error rate, which is caused by α inflation. To choose the appropriate test, we must maintain the balance between statistical power and type I error rate. If the test is too conservative, a type I error is not likely to occur. However, concurrently, the test may have insufficient power resulted in increased probability of type II error occurrence. Most researchers may hope to find the best way of adjusting the type I error rate to discriminate the real differences between observed data without wasting too much statistical power. It is expected that this paper will help researchers understand the differences between MCTs and apply them appropriately.
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            El estudio de la segregación socioeconómica y académica de la educación chilena

            Este trabajo analiza la segregación de la población escolar en Chile en dos dimensiones: la segregación socioeconómica y la segregación académica, materia de enorme interés dado la fuerte configuración de mercado del sistema educacional chileno. El texto sitúa el análisis de la segregación en el marco de la creciente preocupación por la equidad educacional y propone una conceptualización que vincula la segregación escolar con la investigación acerca del "efecto de los compañeros" en educación (peer effects). A continuación, se revisa y discute la evidencia empírica disponible acerca de la magnitud, causas y efectos de la segregación socioeconómica y la segregación académica de la educación chilena. El trabajo concluye identificando algunos de los desafíos que este campo de estudio presenta a la investigación científica y proponiendo líneas de investigación futura que permitan avanzar en el conocimiento de un tema relevante pero comparativamente poco estudiado.
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              The Impact of School Climate and School Identification on Academic Achievement: Multilevel Modeling with Student and Teacher Data

              School climate is a leading factor in explaining student learning and achievement. Less work has explored the impact of both staff and student perceptions of school climate raising interesting questions about whether staff school climate experiences can add “value” to students' achievement. In the current research, multiple sources were integrated into a multilevel model, including staff self-reports, student self-reports, objective school records of academic achievement, and socio-economic demographics. Achievement was assessed using a national literacy and numeracy tests (N = 760 staff and 2,257 students from 17 secondary schools). In addition, guided by the “social identity approach,” school identification is investigated as a possible psychological mechanism to explain the relationship between school climate and achievement. In line with predictions, results show that students' perceptions of school climate significantly explain writing and numeracy achievement and this effect is mediated by students' psychological identification with the school. Furthermore, staff perceptions of school climate explain students' achievement on numeracy, writing and reading tests (while accounting for students' responses). However, staff's school identification did not play a significant role. Implications of these findings for organizational, social, and educational research are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sine
                Sinéctica
                Sinéctica
                Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente, Departamento de Educación y Valores (Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, Mexico )
                1665-109X
                2007-7033
                December 2021
                : 57
                : e1271
                Affiliations
                [1] Valparaíso orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso orgdiv1Escuela de Psicología Chile karen.cardenas@ 123456pucv.cl
                [2] Chile Valparaíso orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso orgdiv1Centro de Investigación para la Educación Inclusiva Chile paula.ascorra@ 123456pucv.cl
                Article
                S1665-109X2021000200208 S1665-109X(21)00005700208
                10.31391/s2007-7033(2021)0057-014
                975ef466-c954-4971-ac22-5f02b96ce43c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 August 2021
                : 19 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 65, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Sección temática: artículos de investigación

                educational quality,school coexistence,quality indicators,coexistence indicator,ANOVA,convivencia escolar,calidad educativa,indicadores de calidad,indicador de convivencia,análisis de varianza

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