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      Prevalencia de la enfermedad de Chagas en puérperas y transmisión congénita en una zona endémica del Perú Translated title: The prevalence of Chagas' disease in puerperal women and congenital transmission in an endemic area of Peru

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVOS: Determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra Trypanosoma cruzi en puérperas y la posible transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas en Arequipa, Perú, una zona donde esta enfermedad es endémica. MÉTODOS: Se estudió a las puérperas que dieron a luz entre diciembre de 2001 y julio de 2002 en tres hospitales (dos urbanos y uno rural) y cuatro centros de salud (tres rurales y uno urbano) del departamento de Arequipa, Perú. El estudio serológico comprendió el tamizaje de todas las puérperas para detectar anticuerpos contra T. cruzi mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI); la prueba de inmunoadsorción enzimática (ELISA) y la titulación de anticuerpos IgG por IFI se usaron como pruebas confirmatorias. A las puérperas con seropositividad y a sus recién nacidos se les realizó la prueba de detección de anticuerpos IgM mediante IFI y se evaluó la presencia de infección mediante xenodiagnóstico (evaluada a los 30 y 60 días) y el micrométodo de Freilij. Los resultados se analizaron según la presencia del vector y de casos de enfermedad de Chagas en los lugares de nacimiento y de residencia de las puérperas. Dos neonatólogos evaluaron clínicamente a los recién nacidos para detectar anomalías y signos de enfermedad de Chagas congénita. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia general de enfermedad de Chagas en las 3 000 puérperas estudiadas fue de 0,73%; fue mayor en dos centros de salud ubicados en zonas rurales (2,2% en El Pedregal y 4,1% en La Joya) (P = 0,018) y la enfermedad estuvo asociada con el contacto directo previo con el vector (P < 0,05) y con el haber nacido en una zona considerada endémica (P < 0,01). Cuatro de las 20 puérperas con seropositividad (20%) tuvieron resultados positivos en el xenodiagnóstico. Ninguna conocía su estado de portadora de la infección y no se observaron síntomas o signos característicos de la enfermedad de Chagas aguda o crónica. En ninguna puérpera se detectaron anticuerpos IgM y solo un neonato (nacido de una madre sin parasitemia) presentó un título de IgM de 1/8, pero en los controles posteriores no se detectaron anticuerpos IgM o IgG. No se detectaron parásitos en la sangre de los neonatos por ninguno de los dos métodos empleados. De los 20 neonatos evaluados, uno tenía microcefalia y hepatoesplenomegalia y aunque tenía anticuerpos específicos IgG contra T. cruzi al nacer, estos desaparecieron a los dos meses; el crecimiento y el desarrollo de los demás recién nacidos fueron normales. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de enfermedad de Chagas en puérperas del departamento de Arequipa, Perú, es baja. No se encontraron casos de transmisión congénita intrauterina. Se recomienda diseñar estudios de detección prenatal que permitan evaluar a un mayor número de madres y en el que participen también las mujeres que dan a luz en sus domicilios.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi in puerperal women and to assess possible congenital transmission of Chagas' disease in the department of Arequipa, Peru, where the disease is endemic. METHODS: Women who had given birth between December 2001 and July 2002 in three hospitals (two urban and one rural) and four health centers (three rural and one urban) of the department of Arequipa, Peru, were studied. The serological study included screening all the puerperal women in order to detect antibodies against T. cruzi through indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), with confirmatory testing done with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing and the titration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by IIF. IIF tests to screen for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were done with the seropositive women and their newborns, and infection was evaluated through xenodiagnosis (evaluated at 30 and 60 days) and the direct micromethod of Freilij et al. The results were analyzed in terms of the presence of the vector and of cases of Chagas' disease in the places where the puerperal women had been born and where they were living. Two neonatologists clinically evaluated the newborns in order to detect abnormalities and signs of congenital Chagas' disease. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of Chagas' disease in the 3 000 puerperal women studied was 0.73%. Prevalence was highest in two health centers located in rural areas (2.2% in El Pedregal and 4.1% in La Joya) (P = 0.018). The disease was associated with previous direct contact with the vector (P < 0.05) and with having been born in an area considered endemic (P < 0.01). Four (20%) of the 20 seropositive puerperal women were also positive by xenodiagnosis. However, none of the women was aware of her infectious carrier state, and none showed the characteristic symptoms or signs of acute or chronic Chagas' disease. IgM antibodies were not detected in any of the puerperal women. One neonate (whose mother did not have evidence of parasitemia) presented an IgM titer of 1/8, but in later controls neither IgM nor IgG antibodies were detected. Parasites were not detected in the blood of the neonates by either of the two testing methods used. Of the 20 neonates evaluated, one presented microcephaly and hepatosplenomegaly; although the child had specific IgG antibodies against T. cruzi at birth, the antibodies were not present at the age of two months. The growth and development of the other 19 newborns were normal. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Chagas' disease in puerperal women of the department of Arequipa, Peru, is low. No cases of intrauterine congenital transmission were found. We recommend carrying out studies on prenatal detection that evaluate more mothers and in which women who give birth at home also participate.

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          Congenital Chagas' disease: diagnostic and clinical aspects.

          The diagnostic and clinical aspects of congenital Chagas' disease were studied in 71 children in Buenos Aires. The children's ages ranged from 2 days to 10 years. In infants or = 6 months of age. Forty-six (64.8%) of the 71 children had no clinical signs of infection. The clinical sign most frequently documented was hepatomegaly (18.3%). Three children were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus; the latter infection was severe in two instances. Nifurtimox (10-15 mg/[kg.d] for 2 months) was used for parasiticidal treatment, and use of this drug resulted in mild adverse effects.
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            Treatment of congenital Chagas' disease diagnosed and followed up by the polymerase chain reaction.

            In 1991 and 1992, a prenatal screening of Trypanosoma cruzi infection was carried out using ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. A total of 840 blood samples from pregnant women, obtained at the Maternity Ward of the Hospital de Clínicas, National University of Asunción (Asunción, Paraguay), and 1,022 samples from the Regional Hospital of the San Pedro Department of Paraguay were examined. It was observed that 7.7% and 10.5%, respectively, of the pregnant women were serologically positive for infection with T. cruzi. When blood samples obtained from newborns on the day of birth or, at the most, on the first few days afterwards were examined by direct microscopic observation, an incidence of congenital transmission of 3% was found. These results are consistent with those of neighboring countries. When a serologic follow-up was conducted on the newborns until six months of age, the incidence of congenital transmission reached 10%. The same incidence rate was obtained when the samples collected during the first days after birth were examined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fifty-eight infants born to seropositive mothers were followed-up, two of which were positive by direct microscopic observation at birth, and four who were PCR-positive, but microscopy-negative at birth. None of the infants were positive for IgM at birth. The infected babies were treated with benznidazole and were followed-up by serology and PCR for four years. We conclude that the PCR has a clear advantage over conventional techniques for the early detection of congenital transmission of T. cruzi infection, and for monitoring infants undergoing chemotherapy.
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              Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: an operational outline for detecting and treating infected infants in north-western Argentina.

              We designed a set of procedures for first-line local health services to detect and treat the congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi at a province-wide scale, and field-tested the programme in the province of Tucumán, northwestern Argentina, from 1992 to 1994. The programme consists of routine screening of pregnant women for seroreactivity to T. cruzi, serological and parasitological follow-up of the newborn at least twice during the first year of age, treatment of the infected infants, and evaluation of the outcome. 927 (5.5%) of 16 842 pregnant women were seroreactive to T. cruzi by indirect haemagglutination assay and ELISA. Twenty-one (6.7%) of 315 newborns to seroreactive mothers were diagnosed as infected with T. cruzi parasites microhaematocrit concentration before 30 days of age. Five newborns who initially tested negative had a T. cruzi infection detected by microhaematocrit and/or serological techniques at 3 or 6 months of age. Thus, congenital infection was diagnosed in 26 (7.1%) infants born to seroreactive women and residing in houses free of triatomine bugs. Four of 6 infants born to seroreactive mothers died during the first year of age and had some evidence of T. cruzi infection; one of the deaths was attributed to T. cruzi based on clinical evidence. After specific treatment with nifurtimox or benznidazole, 30 of 32 infants remained parasitologically and serologically negative. This study shows the feasibility of controlling the incidence of congenitally acquired T. cruzi infections at a province-wide scale by means of a specific screening programme at first-line health services level.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                March 2005
                : 17
                : 3
                : 147-153
                Affiliations
                [02] Arequipa orgnameUniversidad Nacional de San Agustín Perú
                [05] Lima orgnameInstituto Nacional de Salud Perú
                [03] Arequipa orgnameDirección de Salud de Arequipa orgdiv1Laboratorio de Referencia Regional Perú
                [01] Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Perú
                [04] Arequipa orgnameHospital Regional Honorio Delgado Perú
                Article
                S1020-49892005000300001 S1020-4989(05)01700301
                10.1590/s1020-49892005000300001
                9092f418-58ef-4b4a-b64f-b66893286482

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 June 2004
                : 16 November 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Public Health

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                Categories
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                disease transmission,Enfermedad de Chagas,Chagas disease,transmisión vertical de enfermedad,prevalencia,Perú,vertical,Peru,prevalence

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