Parenting practices and oral health behaviors of children in rural Egypt: gender differences in a household survey

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Abstract

Background

Parenting practices influence children’s health and development. The current study aimed at assessing gender differences in children’s perception of the parenting practices of both parents, and in the association between children’s oral health behaviors and parenting practices.

Methods

A cross-sectional household survey of 6–12 year old children was conducted in a rural area in Northwestern Egypt in 2019. Clinical examination assessed caries and gingivitis. The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire assessed parenting practices in five domains (positive parenting, involvement, inconsistent disciplining, poor monitoring and corporal punishment) and the World Health Organization questionnaire assessed oral health behaviors including sugar consumption and daily toothbrushing. Sugar consumption was the dependent variable in linear regression and daily toothbrushing was the dependent variable in logistic regression. Parenting practices were the explanatory variables adjusting for confounders. Effect modification by child gender was assessed.

Results

The response rate was 94.1% (n = 433), mean age = 9.9 years, 44.1% boys, 17.8% with daily toothbrushing and mean sugar consumption score = 3.4/8. Girls perceived more mothers’ positive parenting than boys (mean = 14.15 and 13.46) and boys perceived more poor monitoring and corporal punishment. Boys and girls differed in the association between sugar consumption and fathers’ inconsistent disciplining, poor monitoring ( P = 0.004 and 0.02) and mothers’ corporal punishment ( P = 0.02), and also daily toothbrushing and mothers’ involvement, positive parenting ( P = 0.05 and 0.02), fathers’ positive parenting ( P = 0.02), mothers’ inconsistent discipling and poor monitoring ( P = 0.01 and 0.04).

Conclusions

There were differences between boys and girls in perceiving mothers’ and fathers’ parenting practices and in the association between these parenting practices and toothbrushing and sugar consumption.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02054-z.

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Most cited references 33

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Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy I. Prevalence and Severity

Harald Löe, John Silness (2009)

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Integrating the common risk factor approach into a social determinants framework.

Richard G. Watt, Aubrey Sheiham (2012)

The common risk factor approach (CRFA) has been highly influential in integrating oral health into general health improvement strategies. However, dental policy makers and oral health promoters have interpreted the CRFA too narrowly. They have focussed too heavily on the common behavioural risks, rather than on the broader shared social determinants of chronic diseases. A behavioural preventive approach alone will have minimal impact in tackling oral health inequalities and indeed may widen inequalities across the population. Based on recent WHO policy recommendations, this study presents the case for updating the CRFA in accordance with the social determinants agenda. The theoretical basis for a social determinants framework for oral health inequalities is presented, and implications for oral health improvement strategies are highlighted. Future action to address oral health inequalities in middle- and high-income countries requires a radical policy reorientation towards tackling the structural and environmental determinants of chronic diseases. In more equal and fairer societies, all sections of the social hierarchy experience better health and social well-being. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

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Influences on children's oral health: a conceptual model.

S. Owens, Mah-Jabeen Soobader, Matthew Bramlett … (2007)

Despite marked improvements over the past century, oral health in America is a significant problem: caries is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Much oral health research examines influences primarily in the oral cavity or focuses on a limited number of individual-level factors. The purpose of this article was to present a more encompassing conceptual model of the influences on children's oral health. The conceptual model presented here was derived from the population health and social epidemiology fields, which have moved toward multilevel, holistic approaches to analyze the complex and interactive causes of children's health problems. It is based on a comprehensive review of major population and oral health literatures. A multilevel conceptual model is described, with the individual, family, and community levels of influence on oral health outcomes. This model incorporates the 5 key domains of determinants of health as identified in the population health literature: genetic and biological factors, the social environment, the physical environment, health behaviors, and dental and medical care. The model recognizes the presence of a complex interplay of causal factors. Last, the model incorporates the aspect of time, recognizing the evolution of oral health diseases (eg, caries) and influences on the child-host over time. This conceptual model represents a starting point for thinking about children's oral health. The model incorporates many of the important breakthroughs by social epidemiologists over the past 25 years by including a broad range of genetic, social, and environmental risk factors; multiple pathways by which they operate; a time dimension; the notion of differential susceptibility and resilience; and a multilevel approach. The study of children's oral health from a global perspective remains largely in its infancy and is poised for additional development. This work can help inform how best to approach and improve children's oral health.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Nourhan M. Aly: nourhan.moustafa@alexu.edu.eg , nourhanovic@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Oral Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Oral Health

Title: BMC Oral Health

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6831

Publication date (Electronic): 26 January 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 26 January 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 22

Electronic Location Identifier: 17

Affiliations

GRID grid.7155.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2260 6941, Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, , Alexandria University, ; Champolion St., Azarita, Alexandria, 21527 Egypt

Article

Publisher ID: 2054

DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02054-z

PMC ID: 8793182

PubMed ID: 35081943

SO-VID: 8759d202-64a4-4e7f-9b00-7353adee6d2d

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 9 September 2021

Date accepted : 17 January 2022

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: parenting,rural population,oral health,toothbrushing,sugar consumption,egypt

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: parenting, rural population, oral health, toothbrushing, sugar consumption, egypt

Parenting practices and oral health behaviors of children in rural Egypt: gender differences in a household survey

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Supplementary Information

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Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine (AJFSFM)

Most cited references 33

Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy I. Prevalence and Severity

Integrating the common risk factor approach into a social determinants framework.

Influences on children's oral health: a conceptual model.

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