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      The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

      research-article
      Author(s): 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 1 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 2 , 1 , 18 , 19 , 3 , 20 , 21 , 1 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 10 , 25 , 26 , 1 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 1 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Cancer Communications
      Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
      Keywords: Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, CSCO, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Diagnosis, Staging, Risk, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery, Immunotherapy

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          Abstract

          Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor originating in the nasopharynx and has a high incidence in Southeast Asia and North Africa. To develop these comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis and management of NPC, the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) arranged a multi‐disciplinary team comprising of experts from all sub‐specialties of NPC to write, discuss, and revise the guidelines. Based on the findings of evidence‐based medicine in China and abroad, domestic experts have iteratively developed these guidelines to provide proper management of NPC. Overall, the guidelines describe the screening, clinical and pathological diagnosis, staging and risk assessment, therapies, and follow‐up of NPC, which aim to improve the management of NPC.

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          Ahmedin Jemal, Lindsey A Torre, Rebecca Siegel … (2018)
          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            Cancer statistics in China, 2015.

            Wanqing Chen, Rongshou Zheng, Peter D Baade … (2016)
            With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high-quality data from an additional number of population-based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population-based cancer registries (2009-2011), representing 6.5% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000-2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age-standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2% per year; P = .1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2% per year; P < .05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (-1.4% per year; P < .05) and females (-1.1% per year; P < .05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations.
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              Global cancer statistics, 2012.

              Lindsey A Torre, Freddie Bray, Rebecca L Siegel … (2015)
              Cancer constitutes an enormous burden on society in more and less economically developed countries alike. The occurrence of cancer is increasing because of the growth and aging of the population, as well as an increasing prevalence of established risk factors such as smoking, overweight, physical inactivity, and changing reproductive patterns associated with urbanization and economic development. Based on GLOBOCAN estimates, about 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million deaths occurred in 2012 worldwide. Over the years, the burden has shifted to less developed countries, which currently account for about 57% of cases and 65% of cancer deaths worldwide. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among males in both more and less developed countries, and has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among females in more developed countries; breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death among females in less developed countries. Other leading causes of cancer death in more developed countries include colorectal cancer among males and females and prostate cancer among males. In less developed countries, liver and stomach cancer among males and cervical cancer among females are also leading causes of cancer death. Although incidence rates for all cancers combined are nearly twice as high in more developed than in less developed countries in both males and females, mortality rates are only 8% to 15% higher in more developed countries. This disparity reflects regional differences in the mix of cancers, which is affected by risk factors and detection practices, and/or the availability of treatment. Risk factors associated with the leading causes of cancer death include tobacco use (lung, colorectal, stomach, and liver cancer), overweight/obesity and physical inactivity (breast and colorectal cancer), and infection (liver, stomach, and cervical cancer). A substantial portion of cancer cases and deaths could be prevented by broadly applying effective prevention measures, such as tobacco control, vaccination, and the use of early detection tests. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jun Ma:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-9349
                majun2@mail.sysu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cancer Commun (Lond)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cancer Commun (Lond)
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2523-3548
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CAC2
                Title: Cancer Communications
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2523-3548
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 October 2021
                Publication date Collection: November 2021
                Volume: 41
                Issue: 11 ( doiID: 10.1002/cac2.v41.11 )
                Pages: 1195-1227
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Radiation Oncology State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center 651 Dongfeng Road East Guangzhou Guangdong 510060 P. R. China
                [ 2 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital Fujian Medical University Department of Radiation Oncology Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University Provincial Clinical College Cancer Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou Fujian 350014 P. R. China
                [ 3 ] Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong 510060 P. R. China
                [ 4 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer Center, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
                [ 5 ] Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital) Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC) Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou Zhejiang 310000 P. R. China
                [ 6 ] State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Medical Oncology Department Sun Yat‐Sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong 510060 P. R. China
                [ 7 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
                [ 8 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University Hefei Anhui 230001 P. R. China
                [ 9 ] Department of Clinical Laboratory Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research Nanjing Jiangsu 210000 P. R. China
                [ 10 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
                [ 11 ] Department of Radiotherapy Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
                [ 12 ] Department of Oncology Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 P. R. China
                [ 13 ] Department of Radiation Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu Anhui 233004 P. R. China
                [ 14 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Guilin Guangxi 541001 P. R. China
                [ 15 ] Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University No. 6, Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District Zunyi Guizhou 563000 P. R. China
                [ 16 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
                [ 17 ] Department of Radiotherapy Jiangxi Cancer Hospital Nanchang Jiangxi 330029 P. R. China
                [ 18 ] Department of Radiotherapy Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Medical College Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710000 P. R. China
                [ 19 ] Department of Radiation Oncology First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing 100000 P. R. China
                [ 20 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Yunnan Cancer Hospital The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Kunming Yunnan 650100 P. R. China
                [ 21 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Xiangya Hospital of Central South University 87 Xiangya Road Changsha Hunan 410008 P. R. China
                [ 22 ] Department of Radiotherapy National Clinical Research Center for Cancer Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital Tianjin 300060 P. R. China
                [ 23 ] Department of Radiation Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi 530000 P. R. China
                [ 24 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Oncology in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi Xinjiang 830000 P. R. China
                [ 25 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital Chongqing 400000 P. R. China
                [ 26 ] Department of Radiation Oncology Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450000 P. R. China
                [ 27 ] Department of Radiotherapy Peking University School of Oncology Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute Beijing Haidian District 100142 P. R. China
                [ 28 ] Cancer Center Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430022 P. R. China
                [ 29 ] Department of Radiation Oncology National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100021 P. R. China
                [ 30 ] Department of Radiotherapy Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital Nanning Guangxi 530000 P. R. China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Jun Ma, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.

                Email: majun2@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-1454
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4793-0902
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-9048
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7164-9761
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-203X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5888-2929
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7083-0216
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-9349
                Article
                Publisher ID: CAC212218
                DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12218
                PMC ID: 8626602
                PubMed ID: 34699681
                SO-VID: 7bf9085f-1d74-4da7-8a20-c2df2ff7c50d
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors. Cancer Communications published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. on behalf of Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date revision received : 24 August 2021
                Date received : 17 July 2021
                Date accepted : 08 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 16, Pages: 33, Words: 23088
                Categories
                Subject: Guidelines and Consensus
                Subject: Guidelines and Consensus
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date November 2021
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.9 mode:remove_FC converted:27.11.2021

                Keywords: chinese society of clinical oncology,csco,nasopharyngeal carcinoma,diagnosis,staging,risk,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,surgery,immunotherapy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: chinese society of clinical oncology, csco, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, diagnosis, staging, risk, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy

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