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      Adverse outcome pathways: opportunities, limitations and open questions.

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 8 , 4 , 9 , 9 , 10 , 2 , 11 , 12 , 2 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 4 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 10 , 25 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ,   32 , 33 , 32 , 32 , 33 , 11 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 31 , 38 , 2 , 2 , 39 , 4 , 40
      Archives of toxicology
      Springer Nature
      Binning of events, CCl4, Computational toxicology, Interspecies extrapolation, Liver fibrosis, Metabolism, Multi-scale integration, Multiple hit events, Paracetamol, Pathway unidirectionality, Prioritization of compounds, Proof of non-toxicity, Regulatory toxicology, Systems biology, Tumor promotion, Vinyl acetate

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          Abstract

          Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are a recent toxicological construct that connects, in a formalized, transparent and quality-controlled way, mechanistic information to apical endpoints for regulatory purposes. AOP links a molecular initiating event (MIE) to the adverse outcome (AO) via key events (KE), in a way specified by key event relationships (KER). Although this approach to formalize mechanistic toxicological information only started in 2010, over 200 AOPs have already been established. At this stage, new requirements arise, such as the need for harmonization and re-assessment, for continuous updating, as well as for alerting about pitfalls, misuses and limits of applicability. In this review, the history of the AOP concept and its most prominent strengths are discussed, including the advantages of a formalized approach, the systematic collection of weight of evidence, the linkage of mechanisms to apical end points, the examination of the plausibility of epidemiological data, the identification of critical knowledge gaps and the design of mechanistic test methods. To prepare the ground for a broadened and appropriate use of AOPs, some widespread misconceptions are explained. Moreover, potential weaknesses and shortcomings of the current AOP rule set are addressed (1) to facilitate the discussion on its further evolution and (2) to better define appropriate vs. less suitable application areas. Exemplary toxicological studies are presented to discuss the linearity assumptions of AOP, the management of event modifiers and compensatory mechanisms, and whether a separation of toxicodynamics from toxicokinetics including metabolism is possible in the framework of pathway plasticity. Suggestions on how to compromise between different needs of AOP stakeholders have been added. A clear definition of open questions and limitations is provided to encourage further progress in the field.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Arch. Toxicol.
          Archives of toxicology
          Springer Nature
          1432-0738
          0340-5761
          Nov 2017
          : 91
          : 11
          Affiliations
          [1 ] In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Box 657, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. marcel.leist@uni-konstanz.de.
          [2 ] Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
          [3 ] Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
          [4 ] Research Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
          [5 ] The Danish EPA, Copenhagen, Denmark.
          [6 ] Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
          [7 ] Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
          [8 ] In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Box 657, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
          [9 ] BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
          [10 ] Simcyp (A Certara Company), Sheffield, UK.
          [11 ] INERIS, DRC/VIVA/METO, Parc ALATA BP2, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France.
          [12 ] Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
          [13 ] Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
          [14 ] INRIA, Unit Rocquencourt, B.P.105, 78153, Le Chesnay Cedex, France.
          [15 ] Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, France Université of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7598, 4 pl. Jussieu, Paris, France.
          [16 ] Institute for Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
          [17 ] Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
          [18 ] Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
          [19 ] Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
          [20 ] Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postal Zone S4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
          [21 ] Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Health and Life Sciences, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
          [22 ] Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36, Södertälje, Sweden.
          [23 ] Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
          [24 ] Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via la Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
          [25 ] InSphero AG, Wagistrasse 27, CH-8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
          [26 ] Pharmacoinformatics Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
          [27 ] European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Pesticide Unit, via Carlo Magno 1 A, 43126, Parma, Italy.
          [28 ] Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
          [29 ] BioDetection Systems b.v. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
          [30 ] Section Molekular Hepatology, II. Medical Clinic, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
          [31 ] Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
          [32 ] Department of Bioinformatics, BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
          [33 ] Open PHACTS Foundation, Cambridge, UK.
          [34 ] Inserm UMR-S973, Molécules Thérapeutiques in silico, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.
          [35 ] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
          [36 ] Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
          [37 ] Douglas Connect GmbH, Bärmeggenweg 14, Zeiningen, 4314, Aargau, Switzerland.
          [38 ] Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM) Chemical Risk Assessment Group Manager Structure Activity Relationships/databases, and expert systems Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
          [39 ] TNO (Department of Risk Analysis of Products in Development), Zeist, The Netherlands.
          [40 ] Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany. hengstler@ifado.de.
          Article
          10.1007/s00204-017-2045-3
          10.1007/s00204-017-2045-3
          29051992
          6e4fbbe1-7564-4693-ab33-6fb3e814075b
          History

          Vinyl acetate,Systems biology,Tumor promotion,Regulatory toxicology,Metabolism,Proof of non-toxicity,Prioritization of compounds,CCl4,Pathway unidirectionality,Binning of events,Interspecies extrapolation,Paracetamol,Multiple hit events,Multi-scale integration,Liver fibrosis,Computational toxicology

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