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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. Sign up for email alerts here.

      105,621 Monthly downloads/views I 7.033 Impact Factor I 10.9 CiteScore I 1.22 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 1.032 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Combination of AgNPs and Domiphen is Antimicrobial Against Biofilms of Common Pathogens

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          The aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs synthesized with Artemisia argyi leaf extract and investigate the antimicrobial synergistic effects of AgNPs combined with domiphen and provide an efficient and broad-spectrum combination drug strategy.

          Methods

          AgNPs synthesized with Artemisia argyi leaf extract were studied using UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and particle size analysis. Then, Artemisia argyi leaf extract-synthesized AgNPs and domiphen were tested against Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (8099) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), respectively. Then, we explore synergistic antimicrobial effect and synergistic anti-biofilm effect through combined drug susceptibility test and combined drug minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC 50) test.

          Results

          Characteristic absorption bands of AgNPs were found near 430 nm in the UV–vis spectrum. Particle size analysis results revealed that the average particle size of Artemisia argyi leaf extract-synthesized AgNPs was 77.6 nm. Artemisia argyi leaf extract-synthesized AgNPs showed high antimicrobial activity against the above four strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Artemisia argyi leaf extract-synthesized AgNPs against strains was 1 μg/mL for Acinetobacter baumannii, 2 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. MBEC 50 of Artemisia argyi leaf extract-synthesized AgNPs against strains was 2 μg/mL for Acinetobacter baumannii, 4 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 1/2 μg/mL for Escherichia coli and 2 μg/mL for Candida albicans. The combination of Artemisia argyi leaf extract-synthesized AgNPs and domiphen has synergistic antimicrobial effect and synergistic anti-biofilm effect. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) was ≤0.5.

          Conclusion

          Artemisia argyi leaf extract-synthesized AgNPs had antimicrobial activity against the above four strains. The combination of Artemisia argyi leaf extract-synthesized AgNPs and domiphen has synergistic antimicrobial effects to reduce the dosage of each antimicrobial drugs. Artemisia argyi leaf extract-synthesized AgNPs and domiphen have synergistic anti-biofilm effects.

          Most cited references48

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          Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms.

          Niels Høiby, Thomas Bjarnsholt, Michael Givskov … (2010)
          A biofilm is a structured consortium of bacteria embedded in a self-produced polymer matrix consisting of polysaccharide, protein and DNA. Bacterial biofilms cause chronic infections because they show increased tolerance to antibiotics and disinfectant chemicals as well as resisting phagocytosis and other components of the body's defence system. The persistence of, for example, staphylococcal infections related to foreign bodies is due to biofilm formation. Likewise, chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients is caused by biofilm-growing mucoid strains. Characteristically, gradients of nutrients and oxygen exist from the top to the bottom of biofilms and these gradients are associated with decreased bacterial metabolic activity and increased doubling times of the bacterial cells; it is these more or less dormant cells that are responsible for some of the tolerance to antibiotics. Biofilm growth is associated with an increased level of mutations as well as with quorum-sensing-regulated mechanisms. Conventional resistance mechanisms such as chromosomal beta-lactamase, upregulated efflux pumps and mutations in antibiotic target molecules in bacteria also contribute to the survival of biofilms. Biofilms can be prevented by early aggressive antibiotic prophylaxis or therapy and they can be treated by chronic suppressive therapy. A promising strategy may be the use of enzymes that can dissolve the biofilm matrix (e.g. DNase and alginate lyase) as well as quorum-sensing inhibitors that increase biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.
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            Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical application.

            X. Chen, H J Schluesener (2008)
            Nanotechnology is a most promising field for generating new applications in medicine. However, only few nanoproducts are currently in use for medical purposes. A most prominent nanoproduct is nanosilver. Nanosilver particles are generally smaller than 100nm and contain 20-15,000 silver atoms. At nanoscale, silver exhibits remarkably unusual physical, chemical and biological properties. Due to its strong antibacterial activity, nanosilver coatings are used on various textiles but as well as coatings on certain implants. Further, nanosilver is used for treatment of wounds and burns or as a contraceptive and marketed as a water disinfectant and room spray. Thus, use of nanosilver is becoming more and more widespread in medicine and related applications and due to increasing exposure toxicological and environmental issues need to be raised. In sharp contrast to the attention paid to new applications of nanosilver, few studies provide only scant insights into the interaction of nanosilver particle with the human body after entering via different portals. Biodistribution, organ accumulation, degradation, possible adverse effects and toxicity are only slowly recognized and this review is focusing on major questions associated with the increased medical use of nanosilver and related nanomaterials.
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              Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance.

              J. Chandra, D Kuhn, P. Mukherjee … (2001)
              Biofilms are a protected niche for microorganisms, where they are safe from antibiotic treatment and can create a source of persistent infection. Using two clinically relevant Candida albicans biofilm models formed on bioprosthetic materials, we demonstrated that biofilm formation proceeds through three distinct developmental phases. These growth phases transform adherent blastospores to well-defined cellular communities encased in a polysaccharide matrix. Fluorescence and confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed that C. albicans biofilms have a highly heterogeneous architecture composed of cellular and noncellular elements. In both models, antifungal resistance of biofilm-grown cells increased in conjunction with biofilm formation. The expression of agglutinin-like (ALS) genes, which encode a family of proteins implicated in adhesion to host surfaces, was differentially regulated between planktonic and biofilm-grown cells. The ability of C. albicans to form biofilms contrasts sharply with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which adhered to bioprosthetic surfaces but failed to form a mature biofilm. The studies described here form the basis for investigations into the molecular mechanisms of Candida biofilm biology and antifungal resistance and provide the means to design novel therapies for biofilm-based infections.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijn
                Title: International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Print): 1176-9114
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 October 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 16
                Pages: 7181-7194
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Yi Liu Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86-516-83262084 Email cbpeliuyinew@163.com
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6176-4977
                Article
                Publisher ID: 334133
                DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S334133
                PMC ID: 8547768
                PubMed ID: 34712048
                SO-VID: 6e0b6947-aaa1-4e1e-99d4-64a904b03b8f
                Copyright © © 2021 Hu et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 16 August 2021
                Date accepted : 08 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 6, References: 48, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: 2020 Quality Cultivation Project of the School of Life Sciences;
                Funded by: 2021 Higher Education Reform Research Project of School of Life Sciences;
                Funded by: Key Projects of Jiangsu University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program;
                Funded by: Xuzhou Medical University;
                This study was supported by 2020 Quality Cultivation Project of the School of Life Sciences, 2021 Higher Education Reform Research Project of School of Life Sciences (2021-1) and Key Projects of Jiangsu University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (202010313002Z; The public notice number of Xuzhou Medical University: 202151). Xuzhou Medical University. Sponsor had no involvement in any of the stages from study design to submission of the manuscript for publication.
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: agnps,domiphen,synergy,pathogenic biofilm,combination medication
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: agnps, domiphen, synergy, pathogenic biofilm, combination medication

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