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      INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS ON THE INCIDENCE OF AIDS IN PIAUÍ: AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY Translated title: INFLUÊNCIA DOS DETERMINANTES SOCIAIS SOBRE A INCIDÊNCIA DE AIDS NO PIAUÍ: UM ESTUDO ECOLÓGICO Translated title: INFLUENCIA DE LOS DETERMINANTES SOCIALES SOBRE LA INCIDENCIA DEL SIDA EN PIAUÍ: UN ESTUDIO ECOLÓGICO

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      Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem
      Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem
      HIV, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Social Determinants of Health, Spatial analysis, Geographical mapping, Epidemiology, Incidence, VIH, Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida, Determinantes Sociales de la Salud, Análisis espacial, Mapeo geográfico, Epidemiología, Incidencia, HIV, Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida, Determinantes sociais da saúde, Análise espacial, Mapeamento geográfico, Epidemiologia, Incidência

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the social factors that determine the incidence of aids in the Piauí territory. Method: an ecological study that uses geoprocessing techniques in which 2,908 aids cases of individuals residing in Piauí were considered, notified to the Notifiable Disease Information System (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN), from 2007 to 2015. Gross and Bayesian incidence rates were calculated using the population of the central year (2011), multiplied by 100,000 inhabitants, with Bayesian statistics used to identify spatial clusters. The non-spatial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) and spatial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) regression models were used to identify the social determinants of the incidence of aids in the state, with 5% of significance. Results: the highest rates of the disease are concentrated in cities near the capital Teresina, with a Bayesian incidence of over 11.27 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The predictor variables of the incidence of ADIS in Piauí cities were the following: the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls (p=0.0139), the mean number of residents per household (p=0.0309), and the percentage of individuals in households vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school (p=0.0051). Conclusion: according to GWR, the social factors that influence the incidence of aids in the cities of Piauí are the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls, the mean number of residents per household, and the percentage of individuals in houses vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school. Given the above, interventions on the health social determinants of a structural nature should be established as effective methods for the prevention of HIV/ aids.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores sociais que determinam a incidência de aids no território piauiense. Método: estudo ecológico com uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento em que se considerou 2.908 casos de aids de residentes no Piauí notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) no período 2007-2015. As taxas de incidência brutas e bayesianas foram calculadas utilizando-se a população do ano central (2011), multiplicado por 100.000 habitantes, sendo a estatística bayesiana empregada para identificação de clusters espaciais. Os modelos de regressão não espacial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) e espacial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) foram usados para identificar os determinantes sociais da incidência de aids no estado, com significância de 5%. Resultados: as maiores taxas da doença se concentram especialmente em municípios próximos à capital Teresina, com incidência bayesiana acima de 11,27 casos/100.000 habitantes. As variáveis preditoras da incidência de aids nos municípios piauienses foram: percentual de pessoas em domicílios com paredes inadequadas (p=0,0139), média de moradores por domicílio (p=0,0309) e percentual de pessoas em domicílios vulneráveis à pobreza e em que ninguém tem ensino fundamental completo (p=0,0051). Conclusão: de acordo com o GWR, os fatores sociais que influenciam a incidência de aids nos municípios piauienses são percentual de pessoas em domicílios com paredes inadequadas, média de moradores por domicílio e percentual de pessoas em domicílios vulneráveis à pobreza e em que ninguém tem ensino fundamental completo. Diante disso, Intervenções sobre os determinantes sociais da saúde de caráter estrutural devem se fixar como métodos efetivos de prevenção do HIV/aids.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores sociales que determinan la incidencia del SIDA en el territorio de Piauí. Método: estudio ecológico en el que se emplearon técnicas de geoprocesamiento donde se consideraron 2.908 casos de SIDA de residentes de Piauí notificados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN) en el período 2007-2015. Los índices brutos y Bayesianos de incidencia se calcularon utilizando la población del año central (2011), multiplicada por 100.000 habitantes, empleándose la estadística Bayesiana para identificar agrupamientos espaciales. Se utilizaron los modelos de regresión no espacial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) y espacial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) para identificar los determinantes sociales de la incidencia del SIDA en el estado, con una significancia del 5%. Resultados: los índices más elevados de la enfermedad se concentran especialmente en municipios próximos a la capital Teresina, con incidencia Bayesiana superior a 11,27 casos/100.000 habitantes. Las variables predictoras de la incidencia del SIDA en los municipios de Piauí fueron las siguientes: porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios con paredes no adecuadas (p=0,0139), media de moradores por domicilio (p=0,0309) y porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios vulnerables a la pobreza y en los que ninguno de los moradores ha completado la educación primaria (p=0,0051). Conclusión: De acuerdo con el modelo GWR, los factores sociales que influencian la incidencia del SIDA en los municipios de Piauí son los siguientes: porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios con paredes no adecuadas, media de moradores por domicilio y porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios vulnerables a la pobreza y en los que ninguno de los moradores ha completado la educación primaria. Frente a esta situación, se deben instaurar intervenciones sobre los determinantes sociales de la salud de carácter estructural como métodos efectivos de prevención del VIH/SIDA.

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          Housing Status, Medical Care, and Health Outcomes Among People Living With HIV/AIDS: A Systematic Review.

          Accumulating evidence suggests responses to HIV that combine individual-level interventions with those that address structural or contextual factors that influence risks and health outcomes of infection. Housing is such a factor. Housing occupies a strategic position as an intermediate structural factor, linking "upstream" economic, social, and cultural determinants to the more immediate physical and social environments in which everyday life is lived. The importance of housing status for HIV prevention and care has been recognized, but much of this attention has focused on homeless individuals as a special risk group. Analyses have less often addressed community housing availability and conditions as factors influencing population health or unstable, inadequate, or unaffordable housing as a situation or temporary state. A focus on individual-level characteristics associated with literal homelessness glosses over social, economic, and policy drivers operating largely outside any specific individual's control that affect housing and residential environments and the health resources or risk exposures such contexts provide.
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            Socioeconomic inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries: evidence from the Demographic Health Surveys

            Introduction Extant studies universally document a positive gradient between socioeconomic status (SES) and health. A notable exception is the apparent concentration of HIV/AIDS among wealthier individuals. This paper uses data from the Demographic Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys to examine socioeconomic inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in 24 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, the region that accounts for two-thirds of the global HIV/AIDS burden. Methods The relative and generalized concentration indices (RC and GC) were used to quantify wealth-based socioeconomic inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence for the total adult population (aged 15-49), for men and women, and in urban and rural areas in each country. Further, we decomposed the RC and GC indices to identify the determinants of socioeconomic inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in each country. Results Our findings demonstrated that HIV/AIDS was concentrated among higher SES individuals in the majority of SSA countries. Swaziland and Senegal were the only countries in the region where HIV/AIDS was concentrated among individuals living in poorer households. Stratified analyses by gender showed HIV/AIDS was generally concentrated among wealthier men and women. In some countries, including Kenya, Lesotho Uganda, and Zambia, HIV/AIDS was concentrated among the poor in urban areas but among wealthier adults in rural areas. Decomposition analyses indicated that, besides wealth itself (median = 49%, interquartile range [IQR] = 90%), urban residence (median = 54%, IQR = 81%) was the most important factor contributing to the concentration of HIV/AIDS among wealthier participants in SSA countries. Conclusions Further work is needed to understand the mechanisms explaining the concentration of HIV/AIDS among wealthier individuals and urban residents in SSA. Higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS could be indicative of better care and survival among wealthier individuals and urban adults, or reflect greater risk behaviour and incidence. Moreover, differential findings across countries suggest that effective intervention efforts for reducing the burden of HIV/AIDS in the SSA should be country specific.
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              Social determinants of HIV infection, hotspot areas and subpopulation groups in Ethiopia: evidence from the National Demographic and Health Survey in 2011

              Objective This study identifies social determinants of HIV infection, hotspot areas and subpopulation groups in Ethiopia. Design The study used data from the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Sample blood tests from the finger pricks collected on filter paper cards were labelled with a barcode unique to each respondent. Spatial scan statistics and geographic information system tools were used to map hotspot areas of HIV prevalence. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify social determinants of HIV infection. Population A total of 30 625 adults (16 515 women and 14 110 men) were included from 11 administrative states of Ethiopia. Main outcome measures Laboratory-confirmed HIV serostatus is the main outcome variable. Results HIV prevalence reached 10–21% in the central, eastern and western geographic clusters of Ethiopia. Multivariable analysis showed that individuals who were in the middle, richer and richest wealth quintiles had increased odds of having HIV over those in the poorest quintile. Adults who had primary, secondary and higher educational levels had higher odds of being HIV positive than non-educated individuals. The odds of having HIV were higher among adults who had multiple lifetime sexual partners than those with a single partner. An increasing odds of HIV infection were observed among adults in the age groups of 25–29, 30–34, 35–39 and 40–45 years compared with adults in the age group of 45–49 years. Merchants had higher odds of being HIV positive than those who were not employed. The odds of having HIV were higher among urban residents and females than among rural residents and males, respectively. Conclusions This study found statistically significant HIV concentrations in administrative zones of central, eastern and western Ethiopia. Geospatial monitoring and targeting of prevention strategies for specific population groups is recommended.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tce
                Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem
                Texto contexto - enferm.
                Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem (, SC, Brazil )
                0104-0707
                1980-265X
                2020
                : 29
                : e20190235
                Affiliations
                [4] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde Brazil
                [3] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Ceará orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública Brazil
                [2] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Ceará orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cuidados Clínicos em Enfermagem e Saúde Brazil
                [5] Porto orgnameEscola Superior de Enfermagem Portugal
                [1] Parnaíba Piauí orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Piauí orgdiv1Curso de Enfermagem Brazil
                Article
                S0104-07072020000100374 S0104-0707(20)02900000374
                10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2019-0235
                6b2705c1-d0fe-4cd7-b811-ea2334f53b59

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 March 2020
                : 09 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Brazil

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                Original Article

                Mapeamento geográfico,Epidemiology,Incidência,Epidemiologia,Análise espacial,Determinantes sociais da saúde,Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida,HIV,Incidencia,Epidemiología,Mapeo geográfico,Análisis espacial,Determinantes Sociales de la Salud,Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida,VIH,Incidence,Geographical mapping,Spatial analysis,Social Determinants of Health,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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