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      Psychological resilience: an update on definitions, a critical appraisal, and research recommendations Translated title: Resiliencia psicológica: Una actualización en las definiciones, una valoración crítica, y recomendaciones para la investigación Translated title: 心理韧性:定义、严格评价和研究建议的更新

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: The ability to resist adverse outcomes, or demonstrate resilience after exposure to trauma is a thriving field of study. Yet ongoing debate persists regarding definitions of resilience, generalizability of the extant literature, neurobiological correlates, and a consensus research agenda.

          Objectives: To address these pressing questions, Drs. Christy Denckla and Karestan Koenen (co-chairs) convened a multidisciplinary panel including Drs. Dante Cicchetti, Laura Kubzansky, Soraya Seedat, Martin Teicher, and David Williams at the 2019 annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS). Questions included (1) how have definitions of resilience evolved, (2) what are the best approaches to capture the complexity of resilience processes, and (3) what are the most important areas for future research?

          Methods: The proceedings of this panel are summarized in this report, and prominent themes are synthesized and integrated.

          Results: While different definitions emerged, all shared a focus on conceptualizing resilience at multiple levels, from the biological to the social structural level, a focus on the dynamic nature of resilience, and a move away from conceptualizing resilience as only an individual trait. Critical areas for future research included 1) focused efforts to improve assessment that has international and cross-cultural validity, 2) developing within-study designs that employ more intensive phenotyping strategies, 3) examining outcomes across multiple levels and domains, and 4) integrating conceptualizations of resilience from the individual-level to the larger social context at the population health level.

          Conclusion: Increasingly sophisticated and nuanced conceptual frameworks, coupled with research leveraging advances in genetics, molecular biology, increased computational capacity, and larger, more diverse datasets suggest that the next decade of research could bring significant breakthroughs.

          HIGHLIGHTS:

          • The field of psychological resilience is characterized by ongoing debate over definitions, generalizability, and a research agenda.•Evolving definitions share a focus on conceptualizing resilience at multiple levels, a focus on dynamic processes, and moving away from individual trait conceptualizations.• Future research recommendations include improving assessment cross-culturally, employing within-study designs, and examining outcomes at multiple levels and domains.

          Antecedentes: La capacidad de los sujetos para resistirse a resultados adversos – o demostrar resiliencia – luego de la exposición al trauma es un campo de estudios creciente. Sin embargo, persiste el debate en las definiciones de resiliencia, en cuáles son sus sustratos neurobiológicos, en qué medida los hallazgos de la literatura existente pueden ser generalizados, y en la dirección que debe tomar la investigación futura.

          Objetivos: Para abordar estas preguntas urgentes los doctores Christy Denckla y Karestan Koen (copresidentes) convocaron un panel multidisciplinario que incluyó a los doctores Dante Cicchetti, Laura Kubzansky, Soraya Seedat, Martin Teicher y David Williams, en el encuentro anual de la Sociedad Internacional para los Estudios del Estrés Traumático (ISTSS por sus siglas en inglés) del 2019. Las preguntas incluyeron (1) cómo han evolucionado las definiciones de resiliencia, (2) cuáles son los mejores enfoques para capturar la complejidad de los procesos de resiliencia, y (3) ¿cuáles son las áreas más importantes para la investigación futura?

          Métodos: Las actas de este panel se resumen en este informe, y los temas destacados se sintetizan e integran.

          Resultados: Si bien surgieron diferentes definiciones, todas compartían el enfoque de conceptualizar la resiliencia en múltiples niveles, desde el nivel biológico hasta el nivel social estructural, el enfoque de la naturaleza dinámica de la resiliencia, y el dejar de conceptualizar la resiliencia como un rasgo individual. Las áreas álgidas de investigación a futuro incluyen 1) esfuerzos enfocados en mejorar la evaluación de la resiliencia con validación internacional e intercultural, 2) desarrollar diseños de estudio que utilicen estrategias de fenotipificación más intensivas, 3) evaluar los resultados a lo largo de múltiples niveles y dominios, y 4) integrar conceptualizaciones de la resiliencia desde el nivel individual hacia el contexto social en niveles de salud poblacionales.

          Conclusión: Los marcos conceptuales cada vez más sofisticados y matizados, junto con la investigación que aprovecha los avances en genética, biología molecular, mayor capacidad computacional y conjuntos de datos más grandes y diversos, sugieren que la próxima década de investigación podría traer importantes avances.

          背景: 在暴露于创伤后,抵抗不良后果或表现出韧性的能力是一个蓬勃发展的研究领域。然而,关于韧性的定义、现有文献的概括性、与神经生物学的相关性以及共识研究议程仍存在持续争议。

          目的:为解决这些紧迫问题,在2019年国际创伤应激研究学会(ISTSS)年会上,Christy Denckla和Karestan Koenen博士(联合主席)召集了包括Dante Cicchetti、Laura Kubzansky、Soraya Seedat、Martin Teicher和David Williams博士在内的多学科专家组。问题包括:(1)韧性的定义如何演变; (2)捕捉韧性复杂过程的最佳方法是什么; (3)未来研究最重要的领域是什么?

          方法: 本报告总结了该专家组的会议记录,并对主要主题进行了综合整理。

          结果: 尽管出现了不同的韧性定义,但所有定义都关注从生物结构到社会结构对韧性进行多水平的概念化,都关注韧性的动态性质,以及都不再仅仅将韧性概念化为个体特质。未来研究的关键领域包括:1)集中精力改进具有国际和跨文化有效性的评估; 2)开发采用更深入的表型分析策略的研究设计,3)考查跨多个水平和领域的结果,以及4)整合从个体水平到更大的人群健康水平的社会背景的韧性概念。

          结论: 越来越复杂和细致的概念框架,结合促进了遗传学、分子生物学、增强的计算能力以及更大、更多样化数据进步的研究,表明未来十年的研究可能会带来重大突破。

          关键词:韧性; 应激; 创伤; 创伤后应激障碍

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          The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development

          The Lancet, 392(10157), 1553-1598
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            Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?

            Many people are exposed to loss or potentially traumatic events at some point in their lives, and yet they continue to have positive emotional experiences and show only minor and transient disruptions in their ability to function. Unfortunately, because much of psychology's knowledge about how adults cope with loss or trauma has come from individuals who sought treatment or exhibited great distress, loss and trauma theorists have often viewed this type of resilience as either rare or pathological. The author challenges these assumptions by reviewing evidence that resilience represents a distinct trajectory from the process of recovery, that resilience in the face of loss or potential trauma is more common than is often believed, and that there are multiple and sometimes unexpected pathways to resilience. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)
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              Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development.

              The study of resilience in development has overturned many negative assumptions and deficit-focused models about children growing up under the threat of disadvantage and adversity. The most surprising conclusion emerging from studies of these children is the ordinariness of resilience. An examination of converging findings from variable-focused and person-focused investigations of these phenomena suggests that resilience is common and that it usually arises from the normative functions of human adaptational systems, with the greatest threats to human development being those that compromise these protective systems. The conclusion that resilience is made of ordinary rather than extraordinary processes offers a more positive outlook on human development and adaptation, as well as direction for policy and practice aimed at enhancing the development of children at risk for problems and psychopathology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                10 November 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 1
                : 1822064
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; , Boston, MA, USA
                [b ]Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota; , Minneapolis, USA
                [c ]Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; , Boston, MA, USA
                [d ]Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University; , Stellenbosch, South Africa
                [e ]Harvard Medical School; , Boston, MA, USA
                [f ]Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; , Boston, MA, USA
                [g ]Department of Sociology, Harvard University; , Cambridge, MA, USA
                Author notes
                CONTACT Christy A. Denckla cdenckla@ 123456hsph.harvard.edu Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; , Boston, MA, USA
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4362-203X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-786X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2978-7655
                Article
                1822064
                10.1080/20008198.2020.1822064
                7678676
                33244362
                5bb0b53d-b9a0-4b9d-bb09-6396160725f5
                © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Research Article
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                resilience,stress,trauma,post-traumatic stress disorder,resiliencia,estres,trastorno de estres postraumatico,韧性,应激,创伤,创伤后应激障碍

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