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      Large-sized sandpaper coated with solution-processed aluminum for a triboelectric nanogenerator with reliable durability

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          Abstract

          Ambient mechanical energy, which is abundant around us, is a promising energy harvesting source. A solution-processed aluminum coating method to create an electrode, consisting of sandpaper, is demonstrated for a triboelectric nanogenerator.

          Abstract

          Ambient mechanical energy, which is abundant in the living environment, is a promising energy harvesting source. This technology can provide an eco-friendly and sustainable form of energy. Here, a novel solution-processed aluminum coating (SC) method to create an electrode, consisting of sandpaper, is demonstrated for a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The proposed SC method harnesses the strong adhesion of Al to the target substrate, with conformal deposition of Al following a pre-existing nano-to-micro surface morphology, and offering good thickness controllability without discontinuities, and the ability to coat an Al film in a manner unrestricted by the size or type of substrate. The fabricated TENG using the SC method is capable of serving as an energy supplier and can be commercialized for the Internet of Things (IoT) due to its high output power and low-cost.

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          Most cited references28

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          Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors - principles, problems and perspectives.

          Zhong Wang (2014)
          Triboelectrification is one of the most common effects in our daily life, but it is usually taken as a negative effect with very limited positive applications. Here, we invented a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on organic materials that is used to convert mechanical energy into electricity. The TENG is based on the conjunction of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, and it utilizes the most common materials available in our daily life, such as papers, fabrics, PTFE, PDMS, Al, PVC etc. In this short review, we first introduce the four most fundamental modes of TENG, based on which a range of applications have been demonstrated. The area power density reaches 1200 W m(-2), volume density reaches 490 kW m(-3), and an energy conversion efficiency of ∼50-85% has been demonstrated. The TENG can be applied to harvest all kinds of mechanical energy that is available in our daily life, such as human motion, walking, vibration, mechanical triggering, rotation energy, wind, a moving automobile, flowing water, rain drops, tide and ocean waves. Therefore, it is a new paradigm for energy harvesting. Furthermore, TENG can be a sensor that directly converts a mechanical triggering into a self-generated electric signal for detection of motion, vibration, mechanical stimuli, physical touching, and biological movement. After a summary of TENG for micro-scale energy harvesting, mega-scale energy harvesting, and self-powered systems, we will present a set of questions that need to be discussed and explored for applications of the TENG. Lastly, since the energy conversion efficiencies for each mode can be different although the materials are the same, depending on the triggering conditions and design geometry. But one common factor that determines the performance of all the TENGs is the charge density on the two surfaces, the saturation value of which may independent of the triggering configurations of the TENG. Therefore, the triboelectric charge density or the relative charge density in reference to a standard material (such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) can be taken as a measuring matrix for characterizing the performance of the material for the TENG.
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            Sustainably powering wearable electronics solely by biomechanical energy

            Harvesting biomechanical energy is an important route for providing electricity to sustainably drive wearable electronics, which currently still use batteries and therefore need to be charged or replaced/disposed frequently. Here we report an approach that can continuously power wearable electronics only by human motion, realized through a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with optimized materials and structural design. Fabricated by elastomeric materials and a helix inner electrode sticking on a tube with the dielectric layer and outer electrode, the TENG has desirable features including flexibility, stretchability, isotropy, weavability, water-resistance and a high surface charge density of 250 μC m−2. With only the energy extracted from walking or jogging by the TENG that is built in outsoles, wearable electronics such as an electronic watch and fitness tracker can be immediately and continuously powered.
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              Frequency-multiplication high-output triboelectric nanogenerator for sustainably powering biomedical microsystems.

              An attractive method to response the current energy crisis and produce sustainable nonpolluting power source is harvesting energy from our living environment. However, the energy in our living environment always exists in low-frequency form, which is very difficult to be utilized directly. Here, we demonstrated a novel sandwich-shape triboelectric nanogenerator to convert low-frequency mechanical energy to electric energy with double frequency. An aluminum film was placed between two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes to realize frequency multiplication by twice contact electrifications within one cycle of external force. The working mechanism was studied by finite element simulation. Additionally, the well-designed micro/nano dual-scale structures (i.e., pyramids and V-shape grooves) fabricated atop PDMS surface was employed to enhance the device performance. The output peak voltage, current density, and energy volume density achieved 465 V, 13.4 μA/cm(2), and 53.4 mW/cm(3), respectively. This novel nanogenerator was systematically investigated and also demonstrated as a reliable power source, which can be directly used to not only lighten five commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) but also drive an implantable 3-D microelectrode array for neural prosthesis without any energy storage unit or rectification circuit. This is the first demonstration of the nanogenerator for directly driving biomedical microsystems, which extends the application fields of the nanogenerator and drives it closer to practical applications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                RSCACL
                RSC Advances
                RSC Adv.
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                2046-2069
                2017
                2017
                : 7
                : 1
                : 137-144
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Electrical Engineering
                [2 ]Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
                [3 ]Daejeon 34141
                [4 ]Republic of Korea
                [5 ]Powder & Ceramics Division
                [6 ]Advanced Characterization and Analysis Group
                [7 ]Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS)
                [8 ]Changwon 51508
                Article
                10.1039/C6RA26677K
                5806101d-663a-41ec-b6b8-b7b43cdc7126
                © 2017
                History

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