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      Introduction: Feature Issue on Phantoms for the Performance Evaluation and Validation of Optical Medical Imaging Devices

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          Abstract

          The editors introduce the Biomedical Optics Express feature issue on “Phantoms for the Performance Evaluation and Validation of Optical Medical Imaging Devices.” This topic was the focus of a technical workshop that was held on November 7–8, 2011, in Washington, D.C. The feature issue includes 13 contributions from workshop attendees.

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          Most cited references39

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          In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography.

          We describe what are to our knowledge the first in vivo measurements of human retinal structure with optical coherence tomography. These images represent the highest depth resolution in vivo retinal images to date. The tomographic system, image-processing techniques, and examples of high-resolution tomographs and their clinical relevance are discussed.
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            Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry.

            Optical spectroscopy, imaging, and therapy tissue phantoms must have the scattering and absorption properties that are characteristic of human tissues, and over the past few decades, many useful models have been created. In this work, an overview of their composition and properties is outlined, by separating matrix, scattering, and absorbing materials, and discussing the benefits and weaknesses in each category. Matrix materials typically are water, gelatin, agar, polyester or epoxy and polyurethane resin, room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone, or polyvinyl alcohol gels. The water and hydrogel materials provide a soft medium that is biologically and biochemically compatible with addition of organic molecules, and are optimal for scientific laboratory studies. Polyester, polyurethane, and silicone phantoms are essentially permanent matrix compositions that are suitable for routine calibration and testing of established systems. The most common three choices for scatters have been: (1.) lipid based emulsions, (2.) titanium or aluminum oxide powders, and (3.) polymer microspheres. The choice of absorbers varies widely from hemoglobin and cells for biological simulation, to molecular dyes and ink as less biological but more stable absorbers. This review is an attempt to indicate which sets of phantoms are optimal for specific applications, and provide links to studies that characterize main phantom material properties and recipes.
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              Advances in in vivo bioluminescence imaging of gene expression.

              To advance our understanding of biological processes as they occur in living animals, imaging strategies have been developed and refined that reveal cellular and molecular features of biology and disease in real time. One rapid and accessible technology for in vivo analysis employs internal biological sources of light emitted from luminescent enzymes, luciferases, to label genes and cells. Combining this reporter system with the new generation of charge coupled device (CCD) cameras that detect the light transmitted through the animal's tissues has opened the door to sensitive in vivo measurements of mammalian gene expression in living animals. Here, we review the development and application of this imaging strategy, in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI), together with in vivo fluorescence imaging methods, which has enabled the real-time study of immune cell trafficking, of various genetic regulatory elements in transgenic mice, and of in vivo gene transfer. BLI has been combined with fluorescence methods that together offer access to in vivo measurements that were not previously available. Such studies will greatly facilitate the functional analysis of a wide range of genes for their roles in health and disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomed Opt Express
                Biomed Opt Express
                BOE
                Biomedical Optics Express
                Optical Society of America
                2156-7085
                15 May 2012
                01 June 2012
                15 May 2012
                : 3
                : 6
                : 1399-1403
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Radiation and Biomolecular Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
                [2 ]Biomedical Engineering Department, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064, USA
                [3 ]National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                168334
                10.1364/BOE.3.001399
                3370978
                22741084
                4e06a6c2-38d2-417b-b1df-513268fe6876
                ©2012 Optical Society of America

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License, which permits download and redistribution, provided that the original work is properly cited. This license restricts the article from being modified or used commercially.

                History
                : 11 May 2012
                : 11 May 2012
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute of Standards and Technology
                Categories
                Calibration, Validation and Phantom Studies
                Custom metadata
                True
                0

                Vision sciences
                (300.0300) spectroscopy,(120.0120) instrumentation, measurement, and metrology,(000.1200) announcements, awards, news, and organizational activities,(170.0170) medical optics and biotechnology,(180.0180) microscopy,(290.0290) scattering,(110.0110) imaging systems

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