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      Emerging Foodborne Trematodiasis

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          Abstract

          Foodborne trematodiasis is emerging because of increased aquaculture.

          Abstract

          Foodborne trematodiasis is an emerging public health problem, particularly in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region. We summarize the complex life cycle of foodborne trematodes and discuss its contextual determinants. Currently, 601.0, 293.8, 91.1, and 79.8 million people are at risk for infection with Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus spp., Fasciola spp., and Opisthorchis spp., respectively. The relationship between diseases caused by trematodes and proximity of human habitation to suitable freshwater bodies is examined. Residents living near freshwater bodies have a 2.15-fold higher risk (95% confidence interval 1.38–3.36) for infections than persons living farther from the water. Exponential growth of aquaculture may be the most important risk factor for the emergence of foodborne trematodiasis. This is supported by reviewing aquaculture development in countries endemic for foodborne trematodiasis over the past 10–50 years. Future and sustainable control of foodborne trematodiasis is discussed.

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          Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture.

          Simon J. Brooker, Peter Hotez, R Fuente … (2003)
          Article 0 comments Cited 190 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Effect of irrigation and large dams on the burden of malaria on a global and regional scale.

            JÜRG UTZINGER, ROBERT BOS, JENNIFER KEISER … (2005)
            Human-made ecologic transformations have occurred at an unprecedented rate over the past 50 years. Prominent among them are water resource development projects. An estimated 40,000 large dams and 800,000 small dams have been built, and 272 million hectares of land are currently under irrigation worldwide. The establishment and operation of water projects has had a history of facilitating a change in the frequency and transmission dynamics of malaria, but analyses of these environmental risk factors are sparse. Here, we present a comprehensive review of studies that assessed the impact of irrigation and dam building on malaria prevalence or incidence, stratified by the World Health Organization's (WHO) sub-regions of the world, and link these studies with the latest statistics on disability adjusted life years, irrigated agriculture, and large dams. We also present estimates of the population at risk due to proximity to irrigation schemes and large dam reservoirs. In WHO sub-regions 1 and 2, which have 87.9% of the current global malaria burden, only 9.4 million people are estimated to live near large dams and irrigation schemes. In contrast, the remaining sub-regions concentrate an estimated 15.3 million people near large dams and up to 845 million near irrigation sites, while here only 12.1% of the global malaria burden is concentrated. Whether an individual water project triggers an increase in malaria transmission depends on the contextual determinants of malaria, including the epidemiologic setting, socioeconomic factors, vector management, and health seeking behavior. We conclude that in unstable malaria endemic areas, integrated malaria control measures, coupled with sound water management, are mandatory to mitigate the current burden of malaria in locations near irrigation or dam sites.
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              Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: common drugs for treatment and control.

              Jürg Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser (2005)
              Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic trematode worms (schistosomes) that currently affects 200 million people living in tropical and subtropical environments. It is a chronic disease and the latest estimates for sub-Saharan Africa are that it kills > 200000 people every year. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is caused by intestinal nematodes. More than 2 billion people are infected worldwide and the disease burden might approach that of malaria. Recognising the enormous public health significance of schistosomiasis and STH, particularly among the poor, and in view of readily available drugs that are safe, efficacious and inexpensive, the World Health Assembly recently set forth a resolution for a combined approach for morbidity control of both diseases. This review briefly summarises the geographical distribution, life cycle and global burden of schistosomiasis and STH. The current arsenal of drugs available for morbidity control, including discovery, chemistry, pharmacological properties and aspects of therapeutic efficacy and adverse events in clinical human use is then discussed. The emphasis is on praziquantel, oxamniquine and artemisinin derivatives (against schistosomes) and albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate and other compounds (against intestinal nematodes). The experience gained with combination chemotherapy in schistosomiasis and STH is briefly discussed. Finally, current research needs and the critical importance for development of novel anthelmintic drugs, so that chemotherapy can continue to serve as the backbone of integrated and sustainable control of schistosomiasis and STH, is highlighted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): October 2005
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 1507-1514
                Affiliations
                [* ]Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Jennifer Keiser, Swiss Tropical Institute, PO Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; fax: 41-61-284-8105; email: jennifer.keiser@ 123456unibas.ch
                Article
                Publisher ID: 05-0614
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1110.050614
                PMC ID: 3366753
                PubMed ID: 16318688
                SO-VID: 4d7e9779-298b-49b1-8887-acdc37c31ba2
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Perspective
                Subject: Perspective

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: contextual determinants,foodborne trematodiasis,life cycle,geographic distribution,perspective,population at risk,epidemiology,aquaculture development
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: contextual determinants, foodborne trematodiasis, life cycle, geographic distribution, perspective, population at risk, epidemiology, aquaculture development

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