The effects of green coffee extract supplementation on glycemic indices and lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of clinical trials

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Abstract

Background

The role of coffee consumption in the risk of cardiovascular diseases has been debated for many years. The current study aimed to summarize earlier evidence on the effects of green coffee extract (GCE) supplementation on glycemic indices and lipid profile.

Methods

We searched available online databases for relevant clinical trials published up to October 2019. All clinical trials investigating the effect of GCE supplementation, compared with a control group, on fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were included. Overall, 14 clinical trials with a total sample size of 766 participants were included in the current meta-analysis.

Results

We found a significant reducing effect of GCE supplementation on FBG (weighted mean difference (WMD): -2.35, 95% CI: − 3.78, − 0.92 mg/dL, P = 0.001) and serum insulin (WMD: -0.63, 95% CI: − 1.11, − 0.15 μU/L, P = 0.01). With regard to lipid profile, we observed a significant reduction only in serum levels of TC following GCE supplementation in the overall meta-analysis (WMD: -4.51, 95% CI: − 8.39, − 0.64, P = 0.02). However, subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction in serum TG in studies enrolled both genders. Also, such a significant reduction was seen in serum levels of LDL and HDL when the analyses confined to studies with intervention duration of ≥8 weeks and those included female subjects. In the non-linear dose-response analyses, we found that the effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) dosage, the main polyphenol in GCE, on FBG, TG and HDL were in the non-linear fashions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we found that GCE supplementation improved FBG and serum levels of insulin and TC. Also, there was a significant improvement in other markers of lipid profile in some subgroups of clinical trials.

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Most cited references 43

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Coffee and its consumption: benefits and risks.

Masood Butt, M Tauseef Sultan (2011)

Coffee is the leading worldwide beverage after water and its trade exceeds US $10 billion worldwide. Controversies regarding its benefits and risks still exist as reliable evidence is becoming available supporting its health promoting potential; however, some researchers have argued about the association of coffee consumption with cardiovascular complications and cancer insurgence. The health-promoting properties of coffee are often attributed to its rich phytochemistry, including caffeine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, hydroxyhydroquinone (HHQ), etc. Many research investigations, epidemiological studies, and meta-analyses regarding coffee consumption revealed its inverse correlation with that of diabetes mellitus, various cancer lines, Parkinsonism, and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, it ameliorates oxidative stress because of its ability to induce mRNA and protein expression, and mediates Nrf2-ARE pathway stimulation. Furthermore, caffeine and its metabolites help in proper cognitive functionality. Coffee lipid fraction containing cafestol and kahweol act as a safeguard against some malignant cells by modulating the detoxifying enzymes. On the other hand, their higher levels raise serum cholesterol, posing a possible threat to coronary health, for example, myocardial and cerebral infarction, insomnia, and cardiovascular complications. Caffeine also affects adenosine receptors and its withdrawal is accompanied with muscle fatigue and allied problems in those addicted to coffee. An array of evidence showed that pregnant women or those with postmenopausal problems should avoid excessive consumption of coffee because of its interference with oral contraceptives or postmenopausal hormones. This review article is an attempt to disseminate general information, health claims, and obviously the risk factors associated with coffee consumption to scientists, allied stakeholders, and certainly readers. © Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

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Anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic effects of chlorogenic acid are mediated by ampk activation.

Ken Ong, Reginald B H Tan, John T. A. Hsu (2013)

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been shown to stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle through the activation of AMPK. However, its effect on other metabolic pathways and likewise its effects after long-term consumption have yet to be understood. We investigated the effects of CGA on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, hepatic gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle glucose uptake in Lepr(db/db) mice. Hepatoma HepG2 was used to investigate CGA's effect on hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis. Subsequently, we attempted to evaluate whether these effects of CGA are associated with the activation of AMPK. In Lepr(db/db) mice, acute treatment with CGA lowered AUCglucose in an OGTT. Chronic administration of CGA inhibited hepatic G6Pase expression and activity, attenuated hepatic steatosis, improved lipid profiles and skeletal muscle glucose uptake, which in turn improved fasting glucose level, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia in Lepr(db/db) mice. CGA activated AMPK, leading to subsequent beneficial metabolic outcomes, such as suppression of hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis. Inhibition and knockdown of AMPK abrogated these metabolic alterations. In conclusion, CGA improved glucose and lipid metabolism, via the activation of AMPK. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children

Daniele S Wikoff, Brian T Welsh, Rayetta G Henderson … (2017)

To date, one of the most heavily cited assessments of caffeine safety in the peer-reviewed literature is that issued by Health Canada (Nawrot et al., 2003). Since then, >10,000 papers have been published related to caffeine, including hundreds of reviews on specific human health effects; however, to date, none have compared the wide range of topics evaluated by Nawrot et al. (2003). Thus, as an update to this foundational publication, we conducted a systematic review of data on potential adverse effects of caffeine published from 2001 to June 2015. Subject matter experts and research team participants developed five PECO (population, exposure, comparator, and outcome) questions to address five types of outcomes (acute toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, bone and calcium effects, behavior, and development and reproduction) in four healthy populations (adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children) relative to caffeine intake doses determined not to be associated with adverse effects by Health Canada (comparators: 400 mg/day for adults [10 g for lethality], 300 mg/day for pregnant women, and 2.5 mg/kg/day for children and adolescents). The a priori search strategy identified >5000 articles that were screened, with 381 meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria for the five outcomes (pharmacokinetics was addressed contextually, adding 46 more studies). Data were extracted by the research team and rated for risk of bias and indirectness (internal and external validity). Selected no- and low-effect intakes were assessed relative to the population-specific comparator. Conclusions were drawn for the body of evidence for each outcome, as well as endpoints within an outcome, using a weight of evidence approach. When the total body of evidence was evaluated and when study quality, consistency, level of adversity, and magnitude of response were considered, the evidence generally supports that consumption of up to 400 mg caffeine/day in healthy adults is not associated with overt, adverse cardiovascular effects, behavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, acute effects, or bone status. Evidence also supports consumption of up to 300 mg caffeine/day in healthy pregnant women as an intake that is generally not associated with adverse reproductive and developmental effects. Limited data were identified for child and adolescent populations; the available evidence suggests that 2.5 mg caffeine/kg body weight/day remains an appropriate recommendation. The results of this systematic review support a shift in caffeine research to focus on characterizing effects in sensitive populations and establishing better quantitative characterization of interindividual variability (e.g., epigenetic trends), subpopulations (e.g., unhealthy populations, individuals with preexisting conditions), conditions (e.g., coexposures), and outcomes (e.g., exacerbation of risk-taking behavior) that could render individuals to be at greater risk relative to healthy adults and healthy pregnant women. This review, being one of the first to apply systematic review methodologies to toxicological assessments, also highlights the need for refined guidance and frameworks unique to the conduct of systematic review in this field.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Omid Asbaghi: omid.asbaghi@gmail.com

Mehdi Sadeghian: mehdisad69@gmail.com

Morteza Nasiri: m_nasiri@sums.ac.ir , mortezanasiri.or87@yahoo.com

Mahmoud Khodadost: mahmodkhodadost@yahoo.com

Bahman Panahande: panahande.b@gmail.com

Aliyar Pirouzi: ali.piroozi1390@gmail.com

Omid Sadeghi: omidsadeghi69@yahoo.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutr J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutr J

Title: Nutrition Journal

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1475-2891

Publication date (Electronic): 14 July 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 14 July 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 19

Electronic Location Identifier: 71

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.411406.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 0173, Nutritional Health Research Center, , Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, ; Khorramabad, Iran

[2 ]GRID grid.411230.5, ISNI 0000 0000 9296 6873, Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, ; Ahvaz, Iran

[3 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Student Research Committee, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran

[4 ]GRID grid.412571.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, Department of Operating Room Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran

[5 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

[6 ]GRID grid.411746.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4911 7066, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, , Iran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

[7 ]GRID grid.484406.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 6812, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, , Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, ; Sanandaj, Iran

[8 ]GRID grid.413020.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8939, Department of Nutrition, School of Health, , Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, ; Yasuj, Iran

[9 ]Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran

[10 ]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Students’ Scientific Research Center, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

[11 ]GRID grid.411705.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

Article

Publisher ID: 587

DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00587-z

PMC ID: 7362645

PubMed ID: 32665012

SO-VID: 4126a94f-56cd-4f45-975a-c8f3fd6a207f

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 27 January 2020

Date accepted : 7 July 2020

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: chlorogenic acid,green coffee,lipid profile,glycemic indices

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: chlorogenic acid, green coffee, lipid profile, glycemic indices

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The effects of green coffee extract supplementation on glycemic indices and lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of clinical trials

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Abstract

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Conclusion

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 43

Coffee and its consumption: benefits and risks.

Anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic effects of chlorogenic acid are mediated by ampk activation.

Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children

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Cited by 7

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