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      Atlantic overturning: new observations and challenges

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          Abstract

          This paper provides an introduction to the special issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London of papers from the 2022 Royal Society meeting on ‘Atlantic overturning: new observations and challenges'. It provides the background and rationale for the meeting, briefly summarizes prior progress on observing the Atlantic overturning circulation and draws out the new challenges that papers presented at the meeting raise, so pointing the way forward for future research.

          This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Atlantic overturning: new observations and challenges'.

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          Most cited references62

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          Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5 degrees N.

          Stuart A Cunningham, Torsten Kanzow, Darren Rayner … (2007)
          The vigor of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is thought to be vulnerable to global warming, but its short-term temporal variability is unknown so changes inferred from sparse observations on the decadal time scale of recent climate change are uncertain. We combine continuous measurements of the MOC (beginning in 2004) using the purposefully designed transatlantic Rapid Climate Change array of moored instruments deployed along 26.5 degrees N, with time series of Gulf Stream transport and surface-layer Ekman transport to quantify its intra-annual variability. The year-long average overturning is 18.7 +/- 5.6 sverdrups (Sv) (range: 4.0 to 34.9 Sv, where 1 Sv = a flow of ocean water of 10(6) cubic meters per second). Interannual changes in the overturning can be monitored with a resolution of 1.5 Sv.
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            The Great Ocean Conveyor

            Wallace Broeker (1991)
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              Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 degrees N.

              Harry Bryden, Hannah Longworth, Stuart A Cunningham (2005)
              The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation carries warm upper waters into far-northern latitudes and returns cold deep waters southward across the Equator. Its heat transport makes a substantial contribution to the moderate climate of maritime and continental Europe, and any slowdown in the overturning circulation would have profound implications for climate change. A transatlantic section along latitude 25 degrees N has been used as a baseline for estimating the overturning circulation and associated heat transport. Here we analyse a new 25 degrees N transatlantic section and compare it with four previous sections taken over the past five decades. The comparison suggests that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has slowed by about 30 per cent between 1957 and 2004. Whereas the northward transport in the Gulf Stream across 25 degrees N has remained nearly constant, the slowing is evident both in a 50 per cent larger southward-moving mid-ocean recirculation of thermocline waters, and also in a 50 per cent decrease in the southward transport of lower North Atlantic Deep Water between 3,000 and 5,000 m in depth. In 2004, more of the northward Gulf Stream flow was recirculating back southward in the thermocline within the subtropical gyre, and less was returning southward at depth.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Meric A. Srokosz:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7347-7411
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                N. Penny Holliday:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9733-8002
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Harry L. Bryden: Role: Writing – review & editing
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RSTA
                Journal ID (hwp): roypta
                Title: Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
                Publisher: The Royal Society
                ISSN (Print): 1364-503X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2962
                Publication date (Print, pub): December 11, 2023
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): October 23, 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: October 23, 2023
                Volume: 381
                Issue: 2262 , Discussion meeting issue ‘Atlantic overturning: new observations and challenges’ organised and edited by M. A. Srokosz, N. P. Holliday and H. L. Bryden FRS
                Electronic Location Identifier: 20220196
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] National Oceanography Centre, , Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
                [ 2 ] School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, , Empress Dock SO14 3ZH, UK
                Author notes

                One contribution of 13 to a discussion meeting issue ‘ Atlantic overturning: new observations and challenges’.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7347-7411
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9733-8002
                Article
                Publisher ID: rsta20220196
                DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0196
                PMC ID: 10590659
                PubMed ID: 37866387
                SO-VID: 3a13c245-0871-4023-b044-225bdb05a3e5
                Copyright © © 2023 The Authors.
                License:

                Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : August 16, 2023
                Date accepted : August 16, 2023
                Categories
                Compound subject: 1005
                Compound subject: 140
                Compound subject: 41
                Subject: Introduction
                Subject: Introduction
                Custom metadata
                cover-date December 11, 2023

                Keywords: atlantic,overturning circulation,observations,amoc,rapid,osnap
                Data availability:
                Keywords: atlantic, overturning circulation, observations, amoc, rapid, osnap

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