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      Rhizobial–Host Interactions and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legume Crops Toward Agriculture Sustainability

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          Abstract

          Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) process makes legume crops self-sufficient in nitrogen (N) in sharp contrast to cereal crops that require an external input by N-fertilizers. Since the latter process in cereal crops results in a huge quantity of greenhouse gas emission, the legume production systems are considered efficient and important for sustainable agriculture and climate preservation. Despite benefits of SNF, and the fact that chemical N-fertilizers cause N-pollution of the ecosystems, the focus on improving SNF efficiency in legumes did not become a breeder’s priority. The size and stability of heritable effects under different environment conditions weigh significantly on any trait useful in breeding strategies. Here we review the challenges and progress made toward decoding the heritable components of SNF, which is considerably more complex than other crop allelic traits since the process involves genetic elements of both the host and the symbiotic rhizobial species. SNF-efficient rhizobial species designed based on the genetics of the host and its symbiotic partner face the test of a unique microbiome for its success and productivity. The progress made thus far in commercial legume crops with relevance to the dynamics of host–rhizobia interaction, environmental impact on rhizobial performance challenges, and what collectively determines the SNF efficiency under field conditions are also reviewed here.

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          Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Cereal Production

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            The advantages and limitations of trait analysis with GWAS: a review

            Over the last 10 years, high-density SNP arrays and DNA re-sequencing have illuminated the majority of the genotypic space for a number of organisms, including humans, maize, rice and Arabidopsis. For any researcher willing to define and score a phenotype across many individuals, Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) present a powerful tool to reconnect this trait back to its underlying genetics. In this review we discuss the biological and statistical considerations that underpin a successful analysis or otherwise. The relevance of biological factors including effect size, sample size, genetic heterogeneity, genomic confounding, linkage disequilibrium and spurious association, and statistical tools to account for these are presented. GWAS can offer a valuable first insight into trait architecture or candidate loci for subsequent validation.
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              Celebrating 20 years of genetic discoveries in legume nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation

              Since 1999, various forward- and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200 genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries advanced our understanding of the evolution of SNF in plants and its relationship to other beneficial endosymbioses, signaling between plants and microbes, the control of microbial infection of plant cells, the control of plant cell division leading to nodule development, autoregulation of nodulation, intracellular accommodation of bacteria, nodule oxygen homeostasis, the control of bacteroid differentiation, metabolism and transport supporting symbiosis, and the control of nodule senescence. This review catalogs and contextualizes all of the plant genes currently known to be required for SNF in two model legume species, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, and two crop species, Glycine max (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean). We also briefly consider the future of SNF genetics in the era of pan-genomics and genome editing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                11 June 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 669404
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre , Lacombe, AB, Canada
                [2] 2Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Beltsville, MD, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Xavier Perret, Université de Genève, Switzerland

                Reviewed by: Barney Geddes, North Dakota State University, United States; Lourdes Girard, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico

                *Correspondence: Ravinder K. Goyal, ravinder.goyal@ 123456canada.ca

                This article was submitted to Microbial Symbioses, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2021.669404
                8226219
                34177848
                381b959f-973c-4d43-b0ad-a18e2b6fff35
                Copyright © 2021 Goyal, Mattoo and Schmidt.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 18 February 2021
                : 29 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 167, Pages: 14, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Alberta Agriculture and Forestry 10.13039/100012236
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Review

                Microbiology & Virology
                bnf,snf,qtls,rhizobia,symbiosis,host-specificity,environmental factors
                Microbiology & Virology
                bnf, snf, qtls, rhizobia, symbiosis, host-specificity, environmental factors

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