Heart Rate Variability Monitoring during Sleep Based on Capacitively Coupled Textile Electrodes on a Bed

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Abstract

In this study, we developed and tested a capacitively coupled electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement system using conductive textiles on a bed, for long-term healthcare monitoring. The system, which was designed to measure ECG in a bed with no constraints of sleep position and posture, included a foam layer to increase the contact region with the curvature of the body and a cover to ensure durability and easy installation. Nine healthy subjects participated in the experiment during polysomnography (PSG), and the heart rate (HR) coverage and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were analyzed to evaluate the system. The experimental results showed that the mean of R-peak coverage was 98.0% (95.5%–99.7%), and the normalized errors of HRV time and spectral measures between the Ag/AgCl system and our system ranged from 0.15% to 4.20%. The root mean square errors for inter-beat (RR) intervals and HR were 1.36 ms and 0.09 bpm, respectively. We also showed the potential of our developed system for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wake detection as well as for recording of abnormal states.

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Most cited references 45

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Dry-contact and noncontact biopotential electrodes: methodological review.

Gert Cauwenberghs, Y Chi, Tzyy-Ping Jung (2009)

Recent demand and interest in wireless, mobile-based healthcare has driven significant interest towards developing alternative biopotential electrodes for patient physiological monitoring. The conventional wet adhesive Ag/AgCl electrodes used almost universally in clinical applications today provide an excellent signal but are cumbersome and irritating for mobile use. While electrodes that operate without gels, adhesives and even skin contact have been known for many decades, they have yet to achieve any acceptance for medical use. In addition, detailed knowledge and comparisons between different electrodes are not well known in the literature. In this paper, we explore the use of dry/noncontact electrodes for clinical use by first explaining the electrical models for dry, insulated and noncontact electrodes and show the performance limits, along with measured data. The theory and data show that the common practice of minimizing electrode resistance may not always be necessary and actually lead to increased noise depending on coupling capacitance. Theoretical analysis is followed by an extensive review of the latest dry electrode developments in the literature. The paper concludes with highlighting some of the novel systems that dry electrode technology has enabled for cardiac and neural monitoring followed by a discussion of the current challenges and a roadmap going forward.

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A direct comparison of wet, dry and insulating bioelectric recording electrodes.

A. Searle, L Kirkup (2000)

Alternatives to conventional wet electrode types are keenly sought for biomedical use and physiological research, especially when prolonged recording of biosignals is demanded. This paper describes a quantitative comparison of three types of bioelectrode (wet, dry and insulating) based on tests involving electrode impedance, static interference and motion artefact induced by various means. Data were collected simultaneously, and in the same physical environment for all electrode types. Results indicate that in many situations the performance of dry and insulating electrodes compares favourably with wet electrodes. The influence of non-stationary electric fields on shielded dry and insulating electrode types was compared to wet types. It was observed that interference experienced by dry and insulating electrode types was 40 dB and 34 dB less than that experienced by wet electrode types. Similarly, the effect of motion artefact on dry and insulating electrodes was compared to wet types. Artefact levels for dry and insulating electrodes were significantly higher than those for wet types at the beginning of trials conducted. By the end of the trial periods artefact levels for dry and insulating types were lower than wet electrodes by an average of 8.2 dB and 6.8 dB respectively. The reservations expressed in other studies regarding the viability of dry and insulating electrodes for reliable sensing of biosignals are not supported by the work described here.

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Effects of sleep and sleep loss on immunity and cytokines.

M. Irwin (2002)

Sleep is hypothesized to be a restorative process that is important for the proper functioning of the immune system. Severity of disordered sleep in depressed- and alcoholic subjects correlates with declines in natural- and cellular immunity and is associated with alterations in the complex cytokine network. Sleep loss has a role in mediating these immune changes as experimentally induced partial night sleep deprivation replicates the kind of sleep loss found in clinical samples and induces a pattern of immune alterations similar to that found in depressed- and alcoholic patients. Despite evidence that sleep and sleep loss have effects on immune processes and nocturnal secretion of cytokines, the clinical significance of these immune changes is not known. Moreover, in view of basic evidence of a reciprocal interaction between sleep and cytokines, further research is needed to understand whether alterations in cytokines contribute to disordered sleep in patient populations. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)

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Author and article information

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Panicos Kyriacou: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors

Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220

Publication date (Electronic): 14 May 2015

Publication date Collection: May 2015

Volume: 15

Issue: 5

Pages: 11295-11311

Affiliations

[1 ]Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea; E-Mails: hongjidan@ 123456bmsil.snu.ac.kr (H.J.L.); lostzoo@ 123456bmsil.snu.ac.kr (S.H.H.); hnyoon@ 123456bmsil.snu.ac.kr (H.N.Y.); wongyu86@ 123456bmsil.snu.ac.kr (W.K.L.)

[2 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea

Author notes

[* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: pks@ 123456bmsil.snu.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-3135; Fax: +82-2-3676-2821.

Article

Publisher ID: sensors-15-11295

DOI: 10.3390/s150511295

PMC ID: 4481948

PubMed ID: 26007716

SO-VID: 36966d20-06d7-42bd-b7bf-2045236600b5

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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Heart Rate Variability Monitoring during Sleep Based on Capacitively Coupled Textile Electrodes on a Bed

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Journal of Disability Research

Most cited references 45

Dry-contact and noncontact biopotential electrodes: methodological review.

A direct comparison of wet, dry and insulating bioelectric recording electrodes.

Effects of sleep and sleep loss on immunity and cytokines.

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