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      Influence of the Occlusal Alteration in the Mandible Morphology of the Gerbil Translated title: Influencia de la Alteración Oclusal en la Morfología Mandibular del Jerbo

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          Abstract

          Considering the biomechanical aspects, many facts need to be understood on the mandible, to know which effects unilateral occlusal changes may cause on the stomatognathic system. The aim of this study was to analyze the malocclusion by unilateral teeth extraction on the mandible morphology in gerbil. We used 10 gerbils Meriones unguiculatus, young male, weighing around 50-60g, divided into two groups (n=5), an experimental group and control, which evaluated the two hemi-mandibles, with a total of 20 samples which were measured by digital pachymeter. The measures were taken: (1) length and (2) width of the mandible condyle and (3) body height in the region of mandibular 1st molar. Data from these measurements were analyzed using ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test. The results of this study showed a statistically significant difference in the three measures between experimental and control groups. The width of the mandible head (condyle) showed statistical difference between the ipsilateral and contralateral sides to teeth extraction. It was concluded that the mastication modification by unilateral teeth extraction caused an imbalance, promoting not only a modification in the craniofacial growth pattern, but also a harmful effect on the stomatognathic system of the gerbil used as an experimental model in this study.

          Translated abstract

          Considerando los aspectos biomecánicos, muchos hechos deben ser entendidos sobre la mandíbula, haciendo necesario comprender cuales son los efectos que pueden causar una alteración oclusal unilateral en el sistema estomatognático. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la maloclusión por la extracción de los dientes unilaterales sobre la morfología de la mandíbula en el gerbo. Se utilizaron 10 gerbos Meriones unguiculatus, machos jóvenes, con un peso aproximado de 50-60g, divididos en dos grupos (n = 5), un grupo experimental y otro control, en los cuales se evaluaron las dos hemimandíbulas, totalizando 20 muestras que fueron medidas con un caliper digital. Las medidas tomadas fueron: (1) longitud y (2) ancho del cóndilo mandibular, y (3) la altura del cuerpo en la región de los primeros molares mandibulares. Los datos de estas mediciones se analizaron mediante la prueba ANOVA y Mann-Whitney. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las tres medidas entre los grupos experimental y control. El ancho de la cabeza de la mandíbula (cóndilo) mostró una diferencia estadística entre los lados ipsilaterales y contralaterales a la extracción dentaria. Se concluyó que existe una alteración unilateral de la masticación inducida por la extracción de dientes unilateralmente, causando un desequilibrio y promoviendo no sólo una modificación en el patrón de crecimiento craneofacial, sino también un efecto nocivo obre el sistema estomatognático del gerbo utilizado como modelo experimental en este estudio.

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          The mechanical or metabolic function of secondary osteonal bone in the monkey Macaca fascicularis.

          Secondary osteonal bone is believed by many to serve a mechanical function, altering the properties and/or orientation of bone in response to fluctuating mechanical demands or in the prevention and/or repair of fatigue microdamage. Based on this belief, secondary osteons should be concentrated mainly in regions experiencing high peak-strain conditions. Others contend that secondary osteonal bone functions primarily in meeting the body's calcium needs, and should be expected to form principally in low peak-strain regions so as to avoid compromising the mechanical strength of the bone. These two hypotheses were tested by examining the distribution of secondary osteonal bone in both relatively high- and low-strain regions of the macaque face. Previous strain-gauge studies have demonstrated a steep strain gradient in the macaque face, with relatively high peak strains in the anterior portion of the zygomatic arch and in the mandibular corpus. Relatively low peak strains have been found in the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch and supraorbital bar. Results presented here show that in the mature macaques, there is no consistent relation between newly forming secondary osteons (i.e. those labelled with fluorescent dyes) and peak strain levels. From these data it is concluded that, in the non-perturbed adult, either mechanical and metabolic factors contribute equally to the observed pattern or that metabolically driven remodelling is initiated without regard to strain levels. In immature macaques, however, the relation between peak strain levels and secondary osteon density is positive, with a significantly higher density of labelled osteons in the high strain regions. From these data it is concluded that, in immature individuals, mechanical factors are predominantly responsible for the initiation of secondary osteonal remodelling.
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            Effects of dietary consistency on craniofacial and occlusal development in the rat.

            Moderate differences in the hardness of diet are related to significant differences in maxillary width and other measures of facial size. Probably even more important is a relationship to the coordination of growth of different parts of the dentofacial complex. Muscular stimulation mediated through occlusal function seems to play a significant role in the coordinated development of facial structures.
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              Basic mechanisms in craniofacial growth.

              Bone growth is controlled by growth areas, not active growth centers as stated earlier. Conversion of cartilage, sutural deposition, and periosteal remodeling are the basic phenomena involved in growth mechanisms. The principles of bone growth will result in changes in the size and shape of the mandible and the nasomaxillary complex in the three dimensions. The growth rate varies at different times during the development of the child. The processes of facial growth and changes in the dental arches continue to a much later age than had previously been realized. Although our knowledge of craniofacial growth has increased during recent times, it is still incomplete with regard to the explanation for the regulation of craniofacial growth.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco )
                0717-9502
                December 2010
                : 28
                : 4
                : 1151-1157
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0717-95022010000400027
                10.4067/S0717-95022010000400027
                30d6436a-cd99-47c2-9ac7-3fbdde00f4d2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0717-9502&lng=en
                Categories
                ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

                Anatomy & Physiology
                Malocclusion,Morphology,Gerbil,Maloclusión,Morfología
                Anatomy & Physiology
                Malocclusion, Morphology, Gerbil, Maloclusión, Morfología

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