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      Prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Addis Ababa and its environs, Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection and identify species of the parasite in cattle in central Ethiopia. Faecal samples, collected from 392 dairy cattle managed under intensive and extensive production system, were analyzed by the Modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) microscopy, Nested PCR, PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium. The overall prevalence, the prevalence in the extensive and intensive farms was 18.6%, 11% and 21%, respectively. The infection was detected in 37.7% of the investigated farms with prevalence range of 7.4% -100%, and all of the six surveyed districts with significant ( P = 0.000) prevalence difference. Restriction digestion and sequence analysis showed Cryptosporidium parvum and C. andersoni in 27% and 73% of the infections, respectively, showing an age related distribution pattern, C. parvum exclusively occurring in calves <2 months old and C. andersoni only in heifers and adult cattle. The infection was significantly associated with management system, farm location, herd size, source of drinking water, weaning age, presence of bedding, pen cleanness and cleanness of hindquarter. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium infection due to C. parvum and C. andersoni was prevalent in cattle in the study area. Cryptosporidium parvum has the concern of public health importance, especially to farm workers and people in close contact with cattle. Instigation of imperative control measure is suggested to lessen the risk of human infection and loss of production in dairy farms.

          Highlights

          • •

            Cryptosporidium infection, due to C. parvum and C. andersoni, is widespread in cattle in central Ethiopia.

          • •

            C parvum and C andersoni exclusively occurred in calves <2 months and in adult cattle, respectively, showing an age related distribution pattern.

          • •

            Risk factors of Cryptosporidium were mainly associated with management and hygienic condition of animals.

          • •

            existence of the zoonotic C parvum Spp,alerts instigation of urgent preventive/control measures.

          • •

            Molecular tools are crucial to characterize Cryptosporidium species

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          Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru.

          J. Limor, R Gilman, José L. Cabrera-Ponce … (2001)
          Cryptosporidium parvum is usually considered to be the pathogen responsible for human cryptosporidiosis. We genotyped Cryptosporidium in 132 stool specimens from 80 Peruvian children, representing 85 infection episodes, using techniques that differentiate Cryptosporidium species and C. parvum genotypes. Five types of Cryptosporidium were identified: C. parvum human (67), bovine (8), and dog (2) genotypes, C. meleagridis (7), and C. felis (1). Twenty-five (29%) of the 85 infection episodes were associated with diarrhea. There was no significant difference in age, antecedent stunting, percentage with diarrhea, or duration of diarrhea for episodes with human genotype, compared with those of zoonotic Cryptosporidium. Duration of oocyst shedding was longer for human genotype than for zoonotic Cryptosporidium (mean, 13.9 days and 6.4 days, respectively; P=.004). Serum samples from 8 children with C. meleagridis, C. felis, or C. parvum dog genotype were tested for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 antibodies; all were found to be negative. Contrary to common belief, novel Cryptosporidium species and C. parvum genotypes can infect HIV-negative children.
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            Wide geographic distribution of Cryptosporidium bovis and the deer-like genotype in bovines.

            Ynes Ortega, Pradeep Das, Yaoyu Feng … (2007)
            Recent studies in the United States reported that approximately 85% of pre-weaned dairy calves were infected with zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum, whereas only 1-2% of post-weaned calves and 1-2-year-old heifers were infected with this species. Cryptosporidium bovis and Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype were much more prevalent in the post-weaned animals. It is not clear whether the same infection pattern also occurs in other geographic areas. In this study, to determine whether the same Cryptosporidium infection pattern was present in other geographic areas, we genotyped Cryptosporidium specimens collected from two farms in China and India, using specimens from farms in Georgia, USA for comparison. C. bovis was the most common species found in pre- and post-weaned calves in all three areas. In Georgia, the deer-like genotype was found frequently in pre- and post-weaned calves and Cryptosporidium andersoni was found in one post-weaned calf. Both C. bovis and the deer-like genotype were found in the few milking cows examined in Georgia. There were no differences in the small subunit rRNA gene sequences obtained from C. bovis or deer-like genotype among the three areas. One adult yak in China, however, was infected with a species similar to C. bovis, with only three nucleotide mutations in the target gene. All four common bovine Cryptosporidium spp. were differentiated from each other by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR products with enzymes SspI and MboII. Thus, both C. bovis and the deer-like genotype are found in all age groups of cattle in diverse geographic areas and host adaptation of C. bovis might have occurred in yaks.
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              A longitudinal study of cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle from birth to 2 years of age.

              Monica Santin, James M. Trout, Ronald Fayer (2008)
              Fecal specimens were collected from 30 calves from birth to 24 months of age at a dairy farm in Maryland to determine the prevalence and age distribution of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes. After centrifugation to remove debris and concentrate oocysts, specimens were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fragments of the SSU-rDNA gene amplified by PCR were purified and PCR products were sequenced. All 30 calves shed Cryptosporidium oocysts at some time during the 24 months of the study. Of 990 specimens, 190 were Cryptosporidium-positive (19.2%). The highest prevalence of infection was at 2 weeks of age when 29 of the 30 calves were excreting oocysts. Prevalence was higher in pre-weaned calves (1-8 weeks of age) (45.8%) than in post-weaned calves (3-12 months of age) (18.5%) and heifers (12-24 months of age) (2.2%). Sequence data for 190 PCR-positive specimens identified: C. parvum, C. bovis, the Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype and C. andersoni, with cumulative prevalences of 100, 80, 60, and 3.3%, respectively. C. parvum constituted 97% of infections in pre-weaned calves but only 4% and 0% of infections in post-weaned calves and heifers, respectively. All C. parvum GP60 nucleotide sequences were subtype IIaA15G2R1.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Anberber Manyazewal
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports
                Title: Veterinary Parasitology, Regional Studies and Reports
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-9390
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 August 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): August 2018
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 79-84
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Vet. Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debrezeit, Ethiopia
                [b ]The Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
                [c ]Department of Parasitology, National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre(NAHDIC), P.O. Box04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
                [d ]Collage of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
                [e ]Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. manyazewala@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2405-9390(16)30165-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.005
                PMC ID: 6076407
                PubMed ID: 30101204
                SO-VID: 2fda517a-c362-4858-b9d6-fe50220c3290
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 August 2016
                Date revision received : 15 February 2018
                Date accepted : 20 March 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: cryptosporidium,prevalence,risk factors,pcr-rflp,ethiopia
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cryptosporidium, prevalence, risk factors, pcr-rflp, ethiopia

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