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      Craniectomía descompresiva en el neurotrauma grave Translated title: Decompressive craniectomy in severe neurotrauma

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La hipertensión intracraneal es un factor de mal pronóstico en el traumatismo craneoencefálico grave, la craniectomía descompresiva es un procedimiento en controversia que puede reducir la presión intracraneal de forma rápida por lo que planteamos el siguiente problema de investigación: ¿Podrá la craniectomía descompresiva reducir el daño cerebral secundario y disminuir la mortalidad de estos enfermos? Métodos: Se realizó un estudio correlacional descriptivo con 230 casos admitidos entre el 2007 y 2020, en el servicio de neurocirugía del Hospital General Docente Roberto Rodríguez de Morón, Ciego de Àvila, Cuba, a los que se les realizó craniectomía descompresiva precoz, en las primeras 12 h de evolución del trauma, como medida para controlar la presión intracraneal. Resultados: El 50,87 % mostró cifras de presión intracraneal inferiores a 20 mm Hg en las primeras 24 h del post operatorio, incrementándose hasta un 73,48 % entre el segundo y el quinto día, de los cuales el 75,74 % obtuvo resultados satisfactorios. El 82,17 % mantuvo la presión de perfusión cerebral por encima de 60 mm Hg y solo el 17,83 % tuvo un patrón hemodinámico isquémico. La mortalidad fue del 28,69 %. Como conclusiones, se propone una “ventana quirúrgica” de 12 h para la craniectomía descompresiva en el trauma craneoencefálico grave, se incrementa el diámetro de la craniectomía a más de 15 cm3 y se convierte en una medida terapéutica de primer nivel. El tipo de craniectomía descompresiva fue seleccionado de acuerdo con el tipo y localización de la lesión intracraneal.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction. Increased intracranial pressure is a poor prognosis factor in patients with severe head trauma. Decompressive craniectomy is a surgical procedure that can reduce the intracranial hypertension sooner; we posed the following research problem: Could decompressive craniectomy reduce the secondary brain damage and reduce mortality? Methods. A descriptive correlational study was carried out with 230 cases admitted between 2007 and 2020, in the neurosurgery service of the General Teaching Hospital Roberto Rodríguez in Morón, Ciego de Àvila, Cuba, who underwent early decompressive craniectomy, in the first 12 h of evolution of the trauma, as a measure to control intracranial pressure. Results and Discussion. 50,87 % of the cases showed intracranial pressure lower than 20 mmHg over the first 24 h after surgery, increasing to 73,48 % between the 2nd and 5th day, of which 75,74 % obtained satisfactory results. Decompression allowed 82,17 % to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure above 60 mmHg and only 17,83 % to have an ischemic cerebral hemodynamic pattern. Mortality was 28,69 %. As a conclusion, a 12 h “surgical window” is proposed for decompressive craniectomy in severe head trauma, the diameter of the craniectomy is increased to more than 15 cm3, and it becomes a first-level therapeutic measure. The type of decompressive craniectomy was selected according to the type and location of the intracranial lesion.

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          Decompressive craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury.

          It is unclear whether decompressive craniectomy improves the functional outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and refractory raised intracranial pressure. From December 2002 through April 2010, we randomly assigned 155 adults with severe diffuse traumatic brain injury and intracranial hypertension that was refractory to first-tier therapies to undergo either bifrontotemporoparietal decompressive craniectomy or standard care. The original primary outcome was an unfavorable outcome (a composite of death, vegetative state, or severe disability), as evaluated on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale 6 months after the injury. The final primary outcome was the score on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months. Patients in the craniectomy group, as compared with those in the standard-care group, had less time with intracranial pressures above the treatment threshold (P<0.001), fewer interventions for increased intracranial pressure (P<0.02 for all comparisons), and fewer days in the intensive care unit (ICU) (P<0.001). However, patients undergoing craniectomy had worse scores on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale than those receiving standard care (odds ratio for a worse score in the craniectomy group, 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 3.24; P=0.03) and a greater risk of an unfavorable outcome (odds ratio, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.14 to 4.26; P=0.02). Rates of death at 6 months were similar in the craniectomy group (19%) and the standard-care group (18%). In adults with severe diffuse traumatic brain injury and refractory intracranial hypertension, early bifrontotemporoparietal decompressive craniectomy decreased intracranial pressure and the length of stay in the ICU but was associated with more unfavorable outcomes. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and others; DECRA Australian Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN012605000009617.).
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            Trial of Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension.

            Background The effect of decompressive craniectomy on clinical outcomes in patients with refractory traumatic intracranial hypertension remains unclear. Methods From 2004 through 2014, we randomly assigned 408 patients, 10 to 65 years of age, with traumatic brain injury and refractory elevated intracranial pressure (>25 mm Hg) to undergo decompressive craniectomy or receive ongoing medical care. The primary outcome was the rating on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) (an 8-point scale, ranging from death to "upper good recovery" [no injury-related problems]) at 6 months. The primary-outcome measure was analyzed with an ordinal method based on the proportional-odds model. If the model was rejected, that would indicate a significant difference in the GOS-E distribution, and results would be reported descriptively. Results The GOS-E distribution differed between the two groups (P<0.001). The proportional-odds assumption was rejected, and therefore results are reported descriptively. At 6 months, the GOS-E distributions were as follows: death, 26.9% among 201 patients in the surgical group versus 48.9% among 188 patients in the medical group; vegetative state, 8.5% versus 2.1%; lower severe disability (dependent on others for care), 21.9% versus 14.4%; upper severe disability (independent at home), 15.4% versus 8.0%; moderate disability, 23.4% versus 19.7%; and good recovery, 4.0% versus 6.9%. At 12 months, the GOS-E distributions were as follows: death, 30.4% among 194 surgical patients versus 52.0% among 179 medical patients; vegetative state, 6.2% versus 1.7%; lower severe disability, 18.0% versus 14.0%; upper severe disability, 13.4% versus 3.9%; moderate disability, 22.2% versus 20.1%; and good recovery, 9.8% versus 8.4%. Surgical patients had fewer hours than medical patients with intracranial pressure above 25 mm Hg after randomization (median, 5.0 vs. 17.0 hours; P<0.001) but had a higher rate of adverse events (16.3% vs. 9.2%, P=0.03). Conclusions At 6 months, decompressive craniectomy in patients with traumatic brain injury and refractory intracranial hypertension resulted in lower mortality and higher rates of vegetative state, lower severe disability, and upper severe disability than medical care. The rates of moderate disability and good recovery were similar in the two groups. (Funded by the Medical Research Council and others; RESCUEicp Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN66202560 .).
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              A management algorithm for patients with intracranial pressure monitoring: the Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference (SIBICC)

              Background Management algorithms for adult severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) were omitted in later editions of the Brain Trauma Foundation’s sTBI Management Guidelines, as they were not evidence-based. Methods We used a Delphi-method-based consensus approach to address management of sTBI patients undergoing intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Forty-two experienced, clinically active sTBI specialists from six continents comprised the panel. Eight surveys iterated queries and comments. An in-person meeting included whole- and small-group discussions and blinded voting. Consensus required 80% agreement. We developed heatmaps based on a traffic-light model where panelists’ decision tendencies were the focus of recommendations. Results We provide comprehensive algorithms for ICP-monitor-based adult sTBI management. Consensus established 18 interventions as fundamental and ten treatments not to be used. We provide a three-tier algorithm for treating elevated ICP. Treatments within a tier are considered empirically equivalent. Higher tiers involve higher risk therapies. Tiers 1, 2, and 3 include 10, 4, and 3 interventions, respectively. We include inter-tier considerations, and recommendations for critical neuroworsening to assist the recognition and treatment of declining patients. Novel elements include guidance for autoregulation-based ICP treatment based on MAP Challenge results, and two heatmaps to guide (1) ICP-monitor removal and (2) consideration of sedation holidays for neurological examination. Conclusions Our modern and comprehensive sTBI-management protocol is designed to assist clinicians managing sTBI patients monitored with ICP-monitors alone. Consensus-based (class III evidence), it provides management recommendations based on combined expert opinion. It reflects neither a standard-of-care nor a substitute for thoughtful individualized management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00134-019-05805-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aacc
                Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba
                Anales de la ACC
                Academia de Ciencias de Cuba (La Habana, , Cuba )
                2304-0106
                December 2022
                : 12
                : 3
                : e1185
                Affiliations
                [3] Morón Ciego de Ávila orgnameHospital General Docente Roberto Rodríguez orgdiv1Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos Cuba
                [1] Morón Ciego de Ávila orgnameHospital General Docente Roberto Rodríguez orgdiv1Servicio de Neurocirugía Cuba
                [2] La Habana orgnameAcademia de Ciencias de Cuba Cuba
                Article
                S2304-01062022000300031 S2304-0106(22)01200300031
                2bbf5f3f-ee96-43dd-8b5c-edc2e6c6510e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 December 2021
                : 05 July 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN

                Hipertensión intracraneal,head trauma,decompressive craniectomy,intracranial hypertension,Glasgow Coma Scale,Traumatismo Craneoencefálico,Craniectomía descompresiva,Escala de coma de Glasgow

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