Emerging photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy in combating bacterial infections

Author(s): Jingjing Huo ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Qingyan Jia ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Han Huang ⁶ ^, ⁷ ^, ⁸ ^, ⁵ , Jing Zhang ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Peng Li ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Xiaochen Dong ⁶ ^, ⁷ ^, ⁸ ^, ⁵ ^, ⁹ , Wei Huang ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵

Publication date (Electronic): 2021

Journal: Chemical Society Reviews

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

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Abstract

Photothermal therapy (PTT)-derived multimodal synergistic treatments exhibit a super-additive effect in fighting bacterial infections.

Abstract

Due to the emerging bacterial resistance and the protection of tenacious biofilms, it is hard for the single antibacterial modality to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects nowadays. In recent years, photothermal therapy (PTT)-derived multimodal synergistic treatments have received wide attention and exhibited cooperatively enhanced bactericidal activity. PTT features spatiotemporally controllable generation of hyperthermia that could eradicate bacteria without inducing resistance. The synergy of it with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, photo-dynamic/catalytic therapy (PDT/PCT), immunotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), could lower the introduced laser density in PTT and avoid undesired overheating injury of normal tissues. Simultaneously, by heat-induced improvement of the bacterial membrane permeability, PTT is conducive for accelerated intracellular permeation of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizers/sonosensitizers, and could promote infiltration of immune cells. Thereby, it could solve the currently existing sterilization deficiencies of other combined therapeutic modes, for example, bacterial resistance for chemotherapy, low drug permeability for PDT/PCT/SDT, adverse immunoreactions for immunotherapy, etc. Admittedly, PTT-derived synergistic treatments are becoming essential in fighting bacterial infection, especially those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. This review firstly presents the classical and newly reported photothermal agents (PTAs) in brief. Profoundly, through the introduction of delicately designed nanocomposite platforms, we systematically discuss the versatile photothermal-derived multimodal synergistic therapy with the purpose of sterilization application. At the end, challenges to PTT-derived combinational therapy are presented and promising synergistic bactericidal prospects are anticipated.

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Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life.

Hans-Curt Flemming, Jost Wingender, Ulrich Szewzyk … (2017)

Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities that are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of 'emergent properties' that differ substantially from free-living bacterial cells. In this Review, we consider the fundamental role of the biofilm matrix in establishing the emergent properties of biofilms, describing how the characteristic features of biofilms - such as social cooperation, resource capture and enhanced survival of exposure to antimicrobials - all rely on the structural and functional properties of the matrix. Finally, we highlight the value of an ecological perspective in the study of the emergent properties of biofilms, which enables an appreciation of the ecological success of biofilms as habitat formers and, more generally, as a bacterial lifestyle.