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      Long-term consequences of COVID-19 on mental health and the impact of a physically active lifestyle: a narrative review

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          Abstract

          Background

          Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Respiratory viruses damage not only the upper respiratory tract in humans, but also several different organs such as the brain. Some of the neurological consequences of COVID-19 reported are anosmia, headache, stroke, declined cognitive function, and impaired mental health, among others. People who had COVID-19 have a higher risk of sequelae in the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is not known which are all possible sequelae and how long will last the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on behavioral patterns and quality of life.

          Aim

          We intend to address the long-term impacts of COVID-19 on mental health and the relevance of physical exercise during the pandemic.

          Methods

          We conducted a literature search using PubMed to find the articles that were related to these themes.

          Results

          We found 23,489 papers initially, and then we applied the inclusion/exclusion criteria to narrow down our search to 3617 articles and selected 1380 eligible articles after a thorough reading of titles and abstracts. The findings indicated that COVID-19 impacted general mental health and led many not only hospitalized patients to develop cognitive decline, memory impairment, anxiety, sleep alterations, and depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, the fear of vaccines and their effects had negatively affected mental health and directly impacted mortality rates in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients.

          Conclusions

          Preventive measures must be undertaken, such as the vaccination of the entire population, vaccination hesitancy discouragement by creating awareness among individuals, and people’s engagement in a physically active lifestyle, since being physically active is a low-cost and effective measure to restore or inhibit the negative outcomes from COVID-19 on mental health.

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          Most cited references91

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          Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China

          The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, is serious and has the potential to become an epidemic worldwide. Several studies have described typical clinical manifestations including fever, cough, diarrhea, and fatigue. However, to our knowledge, it has not been reported that patients with COVID-19 had any neurologic manifestations.
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            Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic

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              Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis

              Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public mental health. Therefore, monitoring and oversight of the population mental health during crises such as a panedmic is an immediate priority. The aim of this study is to analyze the existing research works and findings in relation to the prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method In this systematic review and meta-analysis, articles that have focused on stress and anxiety prevalence among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic were searched in the Science Direct, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science (ISI) and Google Scholar databases, without a lower time limit and until May 2020. In order to perform a meta-analysis of the collected studies, the random effects model was used, and the heterogeneity of studies was investigated using the I2 index. Moreover. data analysis was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Results The prevalence of stress in 5 studies with a total sample size of 9074 is obtained as 29.6% (95% confidence limit: 24.3–35.4), the prevalence of anxiety in 17 studies with a sample size of 63,439 as 31.9% (95% confidence interval: 27.5–36.7), and the prevalence of depression in 14 studies with a sample size of 44,531 people as 33.7% (95% confidence interval: 27.5–40.6). Conclusion COVID-19 not only causes physical health concerns but also results in a number of psychological disorders. The spread of the new coronavirus can impact the mental health of people in different communities. Thus, it is essential to preserve the mental health of individuals and to develop psychological interventions that can improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                leonardoroever@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Ann Gen Psychiatry
                Ann Gen Psychiatry
                Annals of General Psychiatry
                BioMed Central (London )
                1744-859X
                11 May 2023
                11 May 2023
                2023
                : 22
                : 19
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411284.a, ISNI 0000 0004 4647 6936, Department of Clinical Research, , Federal University of Uberlândia, ; Uberlândia, Brazil
                [2 ]GRID grid.418068.3, ISNI 0000 0001 0723 0931, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), ; Salvador, Brazil
                [3 ]GRID grid.8399.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 8259, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, , Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), ; Salvador, Brazil
                [4 ]GRID grid.8399.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 8259, Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, , Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), ; Salvador, Brazil
                Article
                448
                10.1186/s12991-023-00448-z
                10174610
                37170283
                1a7229d8-89e2-4b89-a7e8-e70914217d13
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 8 November 2022
                : 16 April 2023
                Categories
                Review
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                © BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2023

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                coronavirus,physical activity,physical exercise,memory,anxiety,depression

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